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USMLE > One Word_Pathology > Flashcards

One Word_Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Amyloidosis - Alzheimer’s disease

A

Protein: β-amyloid Derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP)

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2
Q

Amyloidosis - Diabetes mellitus type 2

A

Protein: AE Derived from amylin

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3
Q

Amyloidosis - Dialysis-associated

A

Protein: β2-microglobulin Derived from MHC class I proteins

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4
Q

Amyloidosis - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

A

Protein: A-CAL Derived from calcitonin

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5
Q

Amyloidosis - Primary

A

Protein: AL Derived from Ig light chains (multiple myeloma)

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6
Q

Amyloidosis - Secondary

A

Protein: AA Derived from serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein (chronic inflammatory disease)

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7
Q

Amyloidosis - Senile cardiac

A

Protein: AF Derived from transthyretin

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8
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Aflatoxins (produced by Aspergillus)

A

Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)

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9
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Alkylating agents

A

Blood (leukemia)

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10
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Arsenic

A

Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), liver (angiosarcoma)

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11
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Asbestos

A

Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)

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12
Q

Chemical carcinogens - CCl4

A

Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)

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13
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Cigarette smoke

A

Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinomas), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

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14
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Naphthalene (aniline) dyes

A

Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

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15
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Nitrosamines (e.g., smoked foods)

A

Esophagus, stomach

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16
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Vinyl chloride

A

Liver (angiosarcoma)

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17
Q

Definitions - Anaplasia

A

abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin

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18
Q

Definitions - Desmoplasia

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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19
Q

Definitions - Dysplasia

A

abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; commonly preneoplastic.

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20
Q

Definitions - Hyperplasia

A

↑ in number of cells

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21
Q

Definitions - Metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another. Often 2° to irritation and/or environmental exposure (e.g., squamous metaplasia in trachea and bronchi of smokers)

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22
Q

Definitions - Neoplasia

A

a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

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23
Q

Metastasis to the bone

A

Lung = Lytic Prostate = Blastic Breast = Both lytic and blastic

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24
Q

Metastasis to the brain

A

Typically multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction

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25
Q

Neoplasm association - Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)

A

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)

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26
Q

Neoplasm association - Actinic keratosis

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

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27
Q

Neoplasm association - AIDS

A

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma

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28
Q

Neoplasm association - Albinism

A

Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of skin

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29
Q

Neoplasm association - Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis)

A

Lymphoma

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30
Q

Neoplasm association - Barrett’s esophagus (chronic GI reflux)

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

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31
Q

Neoplasm association - Chronic atrophic gastritis

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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32
Q

Neoplasm association - Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or C)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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33
Q

Neoplasm association - Down syndrome

A

ALL, AML

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34
Q

Neoplasm association - Dysplastic nevus

A

Malignant melanoma

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35
Q

Neoplasm association - Immunodeficiency states

A

Malignant lymphomas

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36
Q

Neoplasm association - Myasthenia gravis

A

Thymoma

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37
Q

Neoplasm association - Paget’s disease of the bone

A

2° osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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38
Q

Neoplasm association - Pernicious gastritis

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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39
Q

Neoplasm association - Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

40
Q

Neoplasm association - Postsurgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

41
Q

Neoplasm association - Radiation exposure

A

Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer

42
Q

Neoplasm association - Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)

A

Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma

43
Q

Neoplasm association - Ulcerative colitis

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

44
Q

Neoplasm association - Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of skin

45
Q

Oncogenes - abl

A

Associated tumor: CML Gene product: Tyrosine kinase

46
Q

Oncogenes - bcl-2

A

Associated tumor: Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) Gene product: Anti-apoptotic molecule

47
Q

Oncogenes - c-kit

A

Associated tumor: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Gene product: Cytokine receptor

48
Q

Oncogenes - c-myc

A

Associated tumor: Burkitt’s lymphoma Gene product: Transcription factor

49
Q

Oncogenes - erb-B2

A

Associated tumor: Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas Gene product: Tyrosine kinase

50
Q

Oncogenes - L-myc

A

Associated tumor: Lung cancer Gene product: Transcription factor

51
Q

Oncogenes - N-myc

A

Associated tumor: Neuroblastoma Gene product: Transcription factor

52
Q

Oncogenes - ras

A

Associated tumor: Colon carcinoma Gene product: GTPase

53
Q

Oncogenes - ret

A

Associated tumor: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIA and IIB Gene product: Tyrosine kinase

54
Q

Oncogenic microbes - EBV

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma

55
Q

Oncogenic microbes - H. pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma

56
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HBV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

57
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

58
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HHV-8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

59
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HIV

A

Primary CNS lymphoma

60
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HPV

A

Cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma

61
Q

Oncogenic microbes - HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

62
Q

Oncogenic microbes - Schistosoma haematobium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of transitional epithelium, e.g., bladder

63
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Leukemias and lymphomas

A

Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (i.e., cytotoxic therapy)

64
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

A

Erythropoietin

65
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Small cell lung carcinoma

A

ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

66
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms

A

ADH

67
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma

A

PTH-related peptide, TGF-β, TNF, IL-1

68
Q

Paraneoplastic effects - Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma

A

Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction

69
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in: 1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid 2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary 3. Meningioma 4. Malignant mesothelioma

70
Q

Symptoms - Acute iron poisoning

A

gastric bleeding

71
Q

Symptoms - Chronic iron poisoning

A

metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

72
Q

Tumor markers - Alkaline phosphatase

A

Metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget’s disease of the bone

73
Q

Tumor markers - Bombesin

A

Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

74
Q

Tumor markers - CA-125

A

Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors

75
Q

Tumor markers - CA-19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

76
Q

Tumor markers - Calcitonin

A

Thyroid medullary carcinoma

77
Q

Tumor markers - CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen. Very nonspecific but produced by ~ 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas

78
Q

Tumor markers - Prostatic acid phosphatase

A

Prostate carcinoma

79
Q

Tumor markers - PSA

A

Prostate-specific antigen. Used to screen for prostate carcinoma. Can also be elevated in BPH and prostatitis

80
Q

Tumor markers - S-100

A

Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas

81
Q

Tumor markers - TRAP

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia - a B-cell neoplasm

82
Q

Tumor markers - α-fetoprotein

A

Normally made by fetus. Hepatocellular carcinomas. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (e.g., yolk sac tumor)

83
Q

Tumor markers - β-hCG

A

Hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors

84
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - APC

A

Chromosome: 5q Associated tumor: Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)

85
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - BRCA1

A

Chromosome: 17q Associated tumor: Breast and ovarian cancer Gene product: DNA repair protein

86
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - BRCA2

A

Chromosome: 13q Associated tumor: Breast cancer Gene product: DNA repair protein

87
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - DCC

A

Chromosome: 18q Associated tumor: Colon cancer

88
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - DPC

A

Chromosome: 18q Associated tumor: Pancreatic cancer

89
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - NF1

A

Chromosome: 17q Associated tumor: Neurofibromatosis type 1

90
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - NF2

A

Chromosome: 22q Associated tumor: Neurofibromatosis type 2

91
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - p16

A

Chromosome: 9p Associated tumor: Melanoma

92
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - p53

A

Chromosome: 17p Associated tumor: Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome Gene product: p53 gene product blocks G1 → S phase of the cell cycle

93
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - Rb

A

Chromosome: 13q Associated tumor: Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Gene product: Rb gene products blocks G1 → S phase of the cell cycle

94
Q

Tumor suppressor genes - WT1

A

Chromosome: 11p Associated tumor: Wilm’s tumor

95
Q

↑ Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (5)

A

Infections; Inflammation (e.g., temporal arteritis); Cancer; Pregnancy; SLE

96
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

Triad of iron deficiency anemia, esophageal webs, and atrophic glossitis.

96
Q

↓ Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (3)

A

Sickle cell (altered shape); Polycythemia (too many); CHF (unknown)

USMLE (12 decks)

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