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USMLE > One Word_Microbiology > Flashcards

One Word_Microbiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins - Bordetella pertussis

A

Increases cAMP by inhibiting Gαi; causes whooping cough; inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis

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2
Q

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins - Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) (similar to Pseudomonas exotoxin A); causes pharyngitis and “pseugomembrane” in throat

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3
Q

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins - E. coli

A

Heat-labile toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase. Heat-stable toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase. Both cause watery diarrhea.

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4
Q

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins - Vibrio cholerae

A

ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase; ↑ pumping of Cl- into gut and ↓ Na+ absorption. H2O moves into gut lumen; causes voluminous rice-water diarrhea

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5
Q

Bacterial structures - Capsule

A

Function - Protects against phagocytosis Chemical composition - Polysaccharide (except Bacillus anthracis, which contains D-glutamate)

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6
Q

Bacterial structures - Cell wall/cell membrane (gram positives)

A

Function - Major surface antigen Chemical composition - Peptidoglycan for support. Teichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1

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7
Q

Bacterial structures - Flagellum

A

Function - Motility Chemical composition - Protein

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8
Q

Bacterial structures - Glycocalyx

A

Function - Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (e.g., indwelling catheters) Chemical composition - Polysaccharide

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9
Q

Bacterial structures - Outer membrane (gram negatives)

A

Function - Site of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide); major surface antigen Chemical composition - Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1; polysaccharide is the antigen

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10
Q

Bacterial structures - Peptidoglycan

A

Function - Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure Chemical composition - Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains

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11
Q

Bacterial structures - Periplasm

A

Function - Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan wall in gram-negative bacteria Chemical composition - Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including β-lactamases

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12
Q

Bacterial structures - Pilus/fimbria

A

Function - Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface; sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation Chemical composition - Glycoprotein

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13
Q

Bacterial structures - Plasma membrane

A

Function - Site of oxidative and transport enzymes Chemical composition - Lipoprotein bilayer

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14
Q

Bacterial structures - Plasmid

A

Function - Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins Chemical composition - DNA

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15
Q

Bacterial structures - Ribosome

A

Function - Protein synthesis Chemical composition - 50S and 30S subunits

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16
Q

Bacterial structures - Spore

A

Function - Provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals Chemical composition - Keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid.

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17
Q

Bacterial virulence factors - IgA protease

A

Enzyme that cleaves IgA. Secreted by S. pneumoniae, H. Influenzae type B, and Neisseria (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa

18
Q

Bacterial virulence factors - M protein (group A streptococcus)

A

Helps prevent phagocytosis

19
Q

Bacterial virulence factors - Protein A (S. aureus)

A

Binds Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis.

20
Q

Lysogeny, specialized transduction

A

①Shiga-like toxin ②Botulinum toxin ③Cholera toxin ④Diphtheria toxin ⑤Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes

21
Q

Other toxins - Bacillus anthracis

A

Edema factor, part of the toxin complex, is an adenylate cyclase

22
Q

Other toxins - C. botulinum

A

Blocks the release of acetylcholine; causes anticholinergic symptoms, CNS paralysis, especially cranial nerves; spores found in canned food, honey (causes floppy baby)

23
Q

Other toxins - C. tetani

A

Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine; causes “lockjaw”

24
Q

Other toxins - Clostridium perfringens

A

α toxin, a lecithinase that acts as a phospholipase to cleave cell membranes and causes gas gangrene; get double zone of hemolysis on blood agar

25
Q

Other toxins - S. pyogenes

A

Streptolysin O is a hemolysin; antigen for ASO antibody, which is used in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever

26
Q

Other toxins - Shigella

A

Shiga toxin (also produced by E. coli O157:H7) cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome); also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS

27
Q

Parasite hints - B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

28
Q

Parasite hints - Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis sinensis

29
Q

Parasite hints - Brain cysts, seizures

A

Taenia solium (cysticercosis)

30
Q

Parasite hints - Hematuria, bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium

31
Q

Parasite hints - Hemoptysis

A

Paragonimus westermani

32
Q

Parasite hints - Liver cysts

A

Echinococcus granulosus

33
Q

Parasite hints - Microcytic anemia

A

Ancylostoma, Necator

34
Q

Parasite hints - Perianal pruritus

A

Enterobius

35
Q

Parasite hints - Portal hypertension

A

Schistosoma mansoni

36
Q

Superantigens - S. aureus

A

TSST-1 superantigen causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock). Other S. aureus toxins include enterotoxins that cause food poisoning as well as exfoliatin, which causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

37
Q

Superantigens - S. pyogenes

A

Scarlet fever-erythrogenic toxin causes toxic shock-like syndrome

38
Q

Unusual cell membranes/walls - Chlamydiae

A

Cell wall lacks muramic acid

39
Q

Unusual cell membranes/walls - Mycobacteria

A

Contain mycolic acid. High lipid content

40
Q

Unusual cell membranes/walls - Mycoplasma

A

Contain sterols and have no cell wall

USMLE (12 decks)

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