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USMLE > One Word_Embryology > Flashcards

One Word_Embryology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developinf limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis.

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2
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome

A

1st-arch neural crest fails to migrate → mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

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3
Q

Teratogens: X-rays, anticonvulsants

A

Multiple anomalies

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4
Q

Teratogens: Warfarin

A

Bone deformaties, fetal hemorrhage, abortion

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5
Q

Teratogens: Vitamin A (excess)

A

Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

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6
Q

Teratogens: Valproate

A

Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption → Neural tube defects

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7
Q

Teratogens: Thalidomide

A

Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)

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8
Q

Teratogens: Tetracyclines

A

Discolored teeth

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9
Q

Teratogens: Smoking (nicotine, CO)

A

Preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD

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10
Q

Teratogens: Maternal diabetes

A

Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)

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11
Q

Teratogens: Lithium

A

Ebstein’s anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

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12
Q

Teratogens: Iodide (lack or excess)

A

Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

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13
Q

Teratogens: Folate antagonists

A

Neurol tube defects

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14
Q

Teratogens: Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Teratogens: Cocaine

A

Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction; placental abruption

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16
Q

Teratogens: Aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII toxicity

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17
Q

Teratogens: Alkylating agents

A

Absence of digits, multiple anomalies

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18
Q

Teratogens: Alcohol

A

Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation; fetal alcohol syndrome

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19
Q

Teratogens: ACE inhibitors

A

Renal damage

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20
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

A

Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis.

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21
Q

Homeobox gene

A

Involved in segmental organization or embryo in a craniocaudal direction

22
Q

FGF gene

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

23
Q

Embryology: What is associated with Epispadias?

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

24
Q

Embryology: Vitelline duct

A

7th week, obliteration of vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct), which connects yolk sac to midgut lumen.

25
Q

Embryology: Uteropelvic junction with kidneys

A

last to canalize → most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus

26
Q

Embryology: Urachal duct

A

3rd week, yolk sac forms allantois, later becomes urachus, a duct between bladder and yolk sac.

27
Q

Embryology: Truncus arteriosus pathology

A

Failure neural crest migration: ①Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral); ②Tetralogy of Fallot (skewed AP septum development); ③Persistent TA (partial AP septum development)

28
Q

Embryology: Truncus arteriosus

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

29
Q

Embryology: Syncotiotrophoblast

A

outer layer of chorionic villi; secretes hCG (structurally similar to LH; stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone during first trimester)

30
Q

Embryology: Patent foramen ovale

A

Abnormal interatrial septum development caused by excessive resorption of septum primum and/or secundum

31
Q

Embryology: Omphalocele

A

persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord, covered by peritoneum

32
Q

Embryology: Jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia

A

Due to vascular accident (apple peel atresia)

33
Q

Embryology: Hypospadias

A

abnormal opening of the penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close

34
Q

Embryology: Holoprosencephaly

A

↓seperation of hemispheres across midline; results in cyclopia; associated with Patau’s syndrome, severe fetal alcohol syndrome, and cleft lip/palate.

35
Q

Embryology: Gastroschisis

A

extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds; not covered by peritoneum

36
Q

Embryology: Epispadias

A

abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle

37
Q

Embryology: Duodenal atresia

A

Failure to recanalize (trisomy 21)

38
Q

Embryology: Decidua basalis

A

Maternal component, derived from the endometrium. Maternal blood in lacunae.

39
Q

Embryology: Dandy-Walker syndrome

A

large posterior fossa; absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida.

40
Q

Embryology: Cytotrophoblast

A

inner layer of chorionic villi. Cyto makes cells.

41
Q

Embryology: Cricothyroid

A

Only larynx muscle innervated by the superior laryngeal branch

42
Q

Embryology: Bulbus cordis

A

Right ventricle and smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricle

43
Q

Embryology: Arnold chiari II

A

cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly. Often presents with syringomyelia, thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele.

44
Q

Embryology: Anencephaly

A

Malformation of anterior end of neural tube; no brain/calvarium, elevated AFP, polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain).

45
Q

Descent of testes and ovaries: Processus vaginalis (evagination of peritoneum)

A

Female remnant: Obliterated Male remnant: Forms tunica vaginalis

46
Q

Descent of testes and ovaries: Gubernaculum (band of fibrous tissue)

A

Female remnant: Ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus Male remnant: Anchors testes within scrotum

47
Q

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

A

persistence of cleft and pouch → fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck

48
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives

A

1st cleft - external auditory meatus 2nd - 4th clefts - form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme Persistent cervical sinus → branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck

49
Q

Basal plate

A

Ventral, motor

50
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A

1st-part of Maxillary artery (branch of external carotid) 2nd-Stapedial artery and hyoid artery 3rd-common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery 4th-on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery 6th-proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus

51
Q

Alar plate

A

Dorsal, sensory

USMLE (12 decks)

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