One Health Flashcards
what is an animal?
- living organisms
- eat other organisms: live or plants
- specialized sensory organs
- respond to stimuli: avoidance behavior, fight vs. flight
- eukaryotic, multicellular, Kingdom Animalia
- diverse
definition of one health triad
- the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - to attain optimal health of people, animals, and our environment
one health triad
- human populations growing and as a result, more people live in close contact to animals (wild & livestock)
- close contact, climate change, land use = more opportunities for diseases to pass b/twn animals and people through the environment
- deforestation breaks down habitats and gives opportunity for disease transfer
- increased travel of people, animals and animal products increases spread of disease
- collaboration across sectors aims to achieve the best health outcomes for the globe
- approach gaining popularity w/ increasing number of zoonotic public health emergencies
Human health
- Public health: protect us fr. zoonotic diseases
- infectious diseases: fr. human to animals and vice versa
environmental health
- evolutionary health: focus on evolution/progressiveness
- various levels: type of home for pets, global ecosystem etc.
animal health
- domestication: changes relationship w/ animals and their behavior
- zoonotic & epizootics: study of large disease in non-human animals
3 major goals of One Health
- coordinating: local, global, international => improve fight against diseases
- collaborating
- communicating: improve and maintain good health
- to achieve the best health outcomes for people, animals, plants, and environment
One Health umbrella: UK, europe, NZ
- interdisciplinary approach
- lacks strong environmental component but still incorporates 3 things
- mainly focuses on animal and humans
one health and food security
- more than 70% additional animal protein needed to feed the world by 2050 = increase agricultural animal production
- need land which means deforestation which increases contact w/ animals => infectious diseases - more than 20% of global animal production losses are linked to animal diseases
History of one health
Hippocrates, 400 BCE, father of human medicine
- know what kind of person has a disease than to know what kind of disease a person has
- basically focus on environment and ties disease to human behavior
- preventative approach: looking at external factors can help mitigate before disease occurs
- mid 1700s: many professionals embraced the concept of one health: vets, medical doctors, epidemiologists => role of environment in spreading disease
-ex: transmission through water and air
Rudolf Virchow, MD (1821-1902)
- german medical pathologist
- modern father of the “One Health” movement
- linkages b/twn human and vet medicine
- zoonosis: infectious disease passed b/twn humans and animals
- argued human and animal health are tied to environment
James Steele, DVM MPH (1913-2013)
- argued good animal health is important for good public health
- vet public health division, CDC
- epidemiology of zoonotic diseases, One Health initiative in the US
Calvin Schawbe, DVM, MPH (1927-2006)
- vet epidemiologist - One Medicine
- department of epidemiology and preventative medicine at UC Davis vet med
- human medicine methods to track animal disease => helped push vet med forward
One health example: bats
Pseudogymnoascus destructum (white nose syndrome)
- fungal spores grow on hibernating bats
- irritates bats and wakes them up but since it’s winter and insects are hibernating, they starve to death (animal)
- impacts insect population (increase), pollination in the summer months (environment)
- increased use of pesticides => impacts non-target plants and animals (environment)
- higher transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens b/c of increase of mosquitoes = increased human-health concerns (human)
- over 6M has died in US => originated in Europe and brought by people
complexity and problem solving
- one health involves problems that are inherently complex
- complex health challenges emerge from complex interactions among social and ecological systems
systems approach
- tool used to approach complex health issues
- no boundaries: social or political
- often uncertainty
- teamwork: multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary
- collaboration brings in better expertise
multidisciplinary
- people from different discipline work together and draw on own ideas
- ex: human work with vet
interdisciplinary
- combining knowledge and ideas, boundaries removed
- use existing knowledge
- no new knowledge to create field/discipline
transdisciplinary
- creates new discipline
- ex: one health
systems approach - nontraditional approach to health
focus: understanding that disease and illness are complex
cause: not 1 factor at play but complex interactions b/twn multiple factors
treatment: multifactorial, multidimensional, multimodal approach => focus physical health and not environment
approach: holistic - team approach, broad systems view by all healthcare providers
challenges of nontraditional approach
- often difficult to apply scientific paradigms as recognizes several contributing factors and areas of expertise
- can potentially be more costly and time consuming => in practice, is challenging
- relies on new medical treatments and philosophies
- need a team of doctors that give different knowledge
the traditional approach - biomedical model
- focus on a specific disease
- strictly concerned w/ organ malfunction/pathology
- medicine exclusively concerned w/ physical aspects of illness
- doesn’t consider the role of social, cultural, and psychological factors or the broader context w/n which the individual exists (animals, humans, environment)
- 1960 to 1980: questioning of the historically dominant biomedical model -> science based changes and evolution of how human and vet medicine were practiced
focus: physical aspect = clinical signs, do diagnostics specific to clinical health
cause: external factors invade the body, disease is beyond the control of individual
treatment: healthcare providers -> diagnostics -> fix the problem (medications and surgery)
approach: reductionist => look at each individual part and not the whole -> mechanistic, inflexible
- body -> organs -> cells
challenges of traditional approach
- costly w/o necessarily addressing the contributing factors to the outcome of disease = reoccurring diseases and adverse health outcomes (cyclic)
- ignores important external factors that led to disease and poor health
- rewards procedures (short term) over process
- see reoccurrence of disease b/c don’t have preventative approach (don’t look at bigger picture)
local one health issue: toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)
- single celled parasite, fatal health effects
- cats are definitive hosts, subclinical carriers (won’t show signs), eggs shed i nfeces and can survive more than a year
- intermediate host (like birds, rodents, humans) through contaminated soil into waterways, subclinical and clinical carriers
- in otters, can cause brain damage and death => eat eggs through contaminated soil, mollusks infected
toxoplasmosis
- define problem: death in sea otters
- 1 way each circle of One Health is impacted:
-humans: affects pregnant woman and cause birth defects, mental health problems
-animals: most are carriers, otters can get brain damage
-environment: soil, water contamination, otters die can mess up ecosystem - Who would collaborate to solve: wildlife researchers, vets, doctors, marine biologists, ecologists
- potential solutions: dealing w/ feral cat colonies, educating owners, develop treatment, restoring marshlands
