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ANS150 - Health and Disease > One Health > Flashcards

One Health Flashcards

1
Q

what is an animal?

A
  • living organisms
  • eat other organisms: live or plants
  • specialized sensory organs
  • respond to stimuli: avoidance behavior, fight vs. flight
  • eukaryotic, multicellular, Kingdom Animalia
  • diverse
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2
Q

definition of one health triad

A
  • the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - to attain optimal health of people, animals, and our environment
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3
Q

one health triad

A
  • human populations growing and as a result, more people live in close contact to animals (wild & livestock)
  • close contact, climate change, land use = more opportunities for diseases to pass b/twn animals and people through the environment
    • deforestation breaks down habitats and gives opportunity for disease transfer
  • increased travel of people, animals and animal products increases spread of disease
  • collaboration across sectors aims to achieve the best health outcomes for the globe
  • approach gaining popularity w/ increasing number of zoonotic public health emergencies
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4
Q

Human health

A
  • Public health: protect us fr. zoonotic diseases
  • infectious diseases: fr. human to animals and vice versa
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5
Q

environmental health

A
  • evolutionary health: focus on evolution/progressiveness
  • various levels: type of home for pets, global ecosystem etc.
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6
Q

animal health

A
  • domestication: changes relationship w/ animals and their behavior
  • zoonotic & epizootics: study of large disease in non-human animals
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7
Q

3 major goals of One Health

A
  1. coordinating: local, global, international => improve fight against diseases
  2. collaborating
  3. communicating: improve and maintain good health
    - to achieve the best health outcomes for people, animals, plants, and environment
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8
Q

One Health umbrella: UK, europe, NZ

A
  • interdisciplinary approach
  • lacks strong environmental component but still incorporates 3 things
  • mainly focuses on animal and humans
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9
Q

one health and food security

A
  • more than 70% additional animal protein needed to feed the world by 2050 = increase agricultural animal production
    - need land which means deforestation which increases contact w/ animals => infectious diseases
  • more than 20% of global animal production losses are linked to animal diseases
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10
Q

History of one health

A

Hippocrates, 400 BCE, father of human medicine
- know what kind of person has a disease than to know what kind of disease a person has
- basically focus on environment and ties disease to human behavior
- preventative approach: looking at external factors can help mitigate before disease occurs

  • mid 1700s: many professionals embraced the concept of one health: vets, medical doctors, epidemiologists => role of environment in spreading disease
    -ex: transmission through water and air
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11
Q

Rudolf Virchow, MD (1821-1902)

A
  • german medical pathologist
  • modern father of the “One Health” movement
  • linkages b/twn human and vet medicine
  • zoonosis: infectious disease passed b/twn humans and animals
  • argued human and animal health are tied to environment
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12
Q

James Steele, DVM MPH (1913-2013)

A
  • argued good animal health is important for good public health
  • vet public health division, CDC
  • epidemiology of zoonotic diseases, One Health initiative in the US
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13
Q

Calvin Schawbe, DVM, MPH (1927-2006)

A
  • vet epidemiologist - One Medicine
  • department of epidemiology and preventative medicine at UC Davis vet med
  • human medicine methods to track animal disease => helped push vet med forward
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14
Q

One health example: bats

A

Pseudogymnoascus destructum (white nose syndrome)
- fungal spores grow on hibernating bats
- irritates bats and wakes them up but since it’s winter and insects are hibernating, they starve to death (animal)
- impacts insect population (increase), pollination in the summer months (environment)
- increased use of pesticides => impacts non-target plants and animals (environment)
- higher transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens b/c of increase of mosquitoes = increased human-health concerns (human)
- over 6M has died in US => originated in Europe and brought by people

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15
Q

complexity and problem solving

A
  • one health involves problems that are inherently complex
  • complex health challenges emerge from complex interactions among social and ecological systems
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16
Q

systems approach

A
  • tool used to approach complex health issues
  • no boundaries: social or political
  • often uncertainty
  • teamwork: multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary
  • collaboration brings in better expertise
17
Q

multidisciplinary

A
  • people from different discipline work together and draw on own ideas
  • ex: human work with vet
18
Q

interdisciplinary

A
  • combining knowledge and ideas, boundaries removed
  • use existing knowledge
  • no new knowledge to create field/discipline
19
Q

transdisciplinary

A
  • creates new discipline
  • ex: one health
20
Q

systems approach - nontraditional approach to health

A

focus: understanding that disease and illness are complex
cause: not 1 factor at play but complex interactions b/twn multiple factors
treatment: multifactorial, multidimensional, multimodal approach => focus physical health and not environment
approach: holistic - team approach, broad systems view by all healthcare providers

21
Q

challenges of nontraditional approach

A
  • often difficult to apply scientific paradigms as recognizes several contributing factors and areas of expertise
  • can potentially be more costly and time consuming => in practice, is challenging
  • relies on new medical treatments and philosophies
  • need a team of doctors that give different knowledge
22
Q

the traditional approach - biomedical model

A
  • focus on a specific disease
  • strictly concerned w/ organ malfunction/pathology
  • medicine exclusively concerned w/ physical aspects of illness
  • doesn’t consider the role of social, cultural, and psychological factors or the broader context w/n which the individual exists (animals, humans, environment)
  • 1960 to 1980: questioning of the historically dominant biomedical model -> science based changes and evolution of how human and vet medicine were practiced

focus: physical aspect = clinical signs, do diagnostics specific to clinical health
cause: external factors invade the body, disease is beyond the control of individual
treatment: healthcare providers -> diagnostics -> fix the problem (medications and surgery)
approach: reductionist => look at each individual part and not the whole -> mechanistic, inflexible
- body -> organs -> cells

23
Q

challenges of traditional approach

A
  • costly w/o necessarily addressing the contributing factors to the outcome of disease = reoccurring diseases and adverse health outcomes (cyclic)
  • ignores important external factors that led to disease and poor health
  • rewards procedures (short term) over process
  • see reoccurrence of disease b/c don’t have preventative approach (don’t look at bigger picture)
24
Q

local one health issue: toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)

A
  • single celled parasite, fatal health effects
  • cats are definitive hosts, subclinical carriers (won’t show signs), eggs shed i nfeces and can survive more than a year
  • intermediate host (like birds, rodents, humans) through contaminated soil into waterways, subclinical and clinical carriers
  • in otters, can cause brain damage and death => eat eggs through contaminated soil, mollusks infected
25
Q

toxoplasmosis

A
  1. define problem: death in sea otters
  2. 1 way each circle of One Health is impacted:
    -humans: affects pregnant woman and cause birth defects, mental health problems
    -animals: most are carriers, otters can get brain damage
    -environment: soil, water contamination, otters die can mess up ecosystem
  3. Who would collaborate to solve: wildlife researchers, vets, doctors, marine biologists, ecologists
  4. potential solutions: dealing w/ feral cat colonies, educating owners, develop treatment, restoring marshlands

ANS150 - Health and Disease (16 decks)

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