Oncology Part 1

Question 1

what characteristics do normal cells have

Answer 1

specific morphology
differentiated functions
tight adherence
non migratory
well regulated growth pattern

Question 2

what does specific morphology mean

Answer 2

looks a certain way depending on cell type

Question 3

why is differentiated function important

Answer 3

DNA says what cell should do

tells us if the cell is fully developed yet (mature?)

Question 4

what is tight adherence/contact inhibition

Answer 4

clumped together

contact inhibition-tells cells there is no need to divide anymore, there are enough cells

Question 5

what are the top 3 cancers

Answer 5

lung, breast/prostate, and colon

Question 6

what are the top cancers in children

Answer 6

leukemia and nervous system

Question 7

benign cells/tumor characteristics

Answer 7

differentiated (look like normal cells)
lack regulatory growth 
do not stop growing
NO metastasis
do NOT harm environment

Question 8

malignant cells characteristics

Answer 8

not differentiated
frequent DNA mutation (nonfunctional)
METASTASIS
no contact inhibition (continues to divide RAPIDLY)
abnormal appearance
does not know when to initiate death
not benefited to person, harmful to environment

Question 9

risk factors of cancer

Answer 9

smoking
viruses
age
genetic
obesity

Question 10

what is the greatest risk factor

Answer 10

AGE- 75% of new diagnoses are >55 yo

Question 11

what are carcinogens?

examples?

Answer 11

malignant cells

sun exposure, radon, chemo, radiation

Question 12

what increases cancer risk by 30%

Answer 12

obesity

Question 13

this causes chronic inflammation and can cause change in cells

Answer 13

smoking

Question 14

determining how differentiated cells are

differs by cell type

Answer 14

grading

Question 15

what is the grading scale

Answer 15

G1- well differentiated, slow growing
G2- still resembles some of normal cell
G3- poorly differentiated but can tell where cells come from
G4- poorly differentiated, NO normal cell appearance

Question 16

of chromosomes in cell

Answer 16

ploidy

Question 17

describe cancer development

Answer 17

1) initiation
2) promotion
3) progression

Question 18

describe initiation

Answer 18

something causes damage to cell
decreases ability to regulate
often goes into a latency period following this stage

Question 19

describe promotion

Answer 19

cells have enhanced growth due to PROMOTERS

promoter example=hormones

Question 20

describe progression

Answer 20

fewer production of normal cells and increased malignant cells
PRIMARY TUMOR development

Question 21

determines location and degree of metastasis

Answer 21

staging

Question 22

what is the acronym of staging

Answer 22

TNM
Tumor- present, size, localized
Node-present, # and extent
Metastasis- none or distant

Question 23

what does TNM of staging determine

Answer 23

strength of treatment

Question 24

top four cancers in men

Answer 24

1) lung and bronchial
2) prostate
3) colon and rectal
4) pancreatic

Question 25

top four cancers in women

Answer 25

1) lung and bronchial 2) breast 3) colon and rectal 4) pancreatic

Question 26

where do breast cancer cells metastasis to

Answer 26

bone, lung, liver, brain

Question 27

where do prostate cancer cells metastasis to

Answer 27

bone (spine and legs)

Question 28

where do colorectal cancer cells metastasis to

Answer 28

liver, lymph nodes

Question 29

where do melanoma (skin) cancer cells metastasis to

Answer 29

GI tract, lymph nodes, brain

Question 30

most common areas of metastasis

Answer 30

bone, lung, liver, brain

Question 31

7 warning signs of cancer (prevention)

Answer 31

CAUTION

Question 32

what does CAUTION stand for

Answer 32

``` C-change in bowel/bladder habits A-a sore that doesnt heal U-unusual discharge/bleeding T-thickening or lump in body (painless) I-indigestion, difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in wart/mole N-nagging cough/hoarseness ```

Question 33

external cancer risks

Answer 33

``` environmental radiation viruses HIV (immunosupressive) age dietary - ie/processed meats ```

Question 34

what foods decrease risk of cancer

Answer 34

vitamin A/C, brain, and cruciforous vegetables

Question 35

what cells are most susceptible to external risks

Answer 35

those that divide and change rapidly breast, lung, skin, GI *rarely hear about cardiac cancer because those cells do not regenerate

Question 36

cancer is not usually ______ until it has metastasized (stage 4)

Answer 36

PAINFUL

Question 37

words for close and far

Answer 37

``` close= brachy far= tele ```

Question 38

this destroys cancer cells | may take weeks to see results from this

Answer 38

radiation

Question 39

describe teletherapay

Answer 39

``` beam radiation EXTERNAL doesnt touch patient patient is NOT radioactive course of treatment, go in for treatment for multiple weeks/months ```

Question 40

describe brachytherapy

Answer 40

``` close/short dose radiation INTERNAL touches patient patient is RADIOACTIVE very high dose for short period ```

Question 41

what radiation is potentially hazardous to others

Answer 41

brachytherapay

Question 42

what are the ways brachytherapy can be given

Answer 42

soluble-ie/put into iodine and drink radiation then eliminate into waste catheter-specific, targeted radiation to tumor site seeds-radioactive metal pellets (size of rice)-elicit/emit low dose continuous radiation

Question 43

care of patient with sealed radioactive implant

Answer 43

``` door closed nurse wears dosimeter (tracks radiation) wear lead apron (dont turn back to pt) pregnant nurse cannot care for pt educate family ```

Question 44

education for family with sealed radioactive implant

Answer 44

keep 6 ft away | limit to 30 min/day