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Med Surg > Oncology Part 1 > Flashcards

Oncology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what characteristics do normal cells have

A 
specific morphology
differentiated functions
tight adherence
non migratory
well regulated growth pattern
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2
Q

what does specific morphology mean

A

looks a certain way depending on cell type

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3
Q

why is differentiated function important

A

DNA says what cell should do

tells us if the cell is fully developed yet (mature?)

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4
Q

what is tight adherence/contact inhibition

A

clumped together

contact inhibition-tells cells there is no need to divide anymore, there are enough cells

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5
Q

what are the top 3 cancers

A

lung, breast/prostate, and colon

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6
Q

what are the top cancers in children

A

leukemia and nervous system

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7
Q

benign cells/tumor characteristics

A 
differentiated (look like normal cells)
lack regulatory growth 
do not stop growing
NO metastasis
do NOT harm environment
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8
Q

malignant cells characteristics

A

not differentiated
frequent DNA mutation (nonfunctional)
METASTASIS
no contact inhibition (continues to divide RAPIDLY)
abnormal appearance
does not know when to initiate death
not benefited to person, harmful to environment

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9
Q

risk factors of cancer

A 
smoking
viruses
age
genetic
obesity
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10
Q

what is the greatest risk factor

A

AGE- 75% of new diagnoses are >55 yo

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11
Q

what are carcinogens?

examples?

A

malignant cells

sun exposure, radon, chemo, radiation

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12
Q

what increases cancer risk by 30%

A

obesity

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13
Q

this causes chronic inflammation and can cause change in cells

A

smoking

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14
Q

determining how differentiated cells are

differs by cell type

A

grading

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15
Q

what is the grading scale

A

G1- well differentiated, slow growing
G2- still resembles some of normal cell
G3- poorly differentiated but can tell where cells come from
G4- poorly differentiated, NO normal cell appearance

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16
Q

of chromosomes in cell

A

ploidy

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17
Q

describe cancer development

A

1) initiation
2) promotion
3) progression

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18
Q

describe initiation

A

something causes damage to cell
decreases ability to regulate
often goes into a latency period following this stage

19
Q

describe promotion

A

cells have enhanced growth due to PROMOTERS

promoter example=hormones

20
Q

describe progression

A

fewer production of normal cells and increased malignant cells
PRIMARY TUMOR development

21
Q

determines location and degree of metastasis

A

staging

22
Q

what is the acronym of staging

A

TNM
Tumor- present, size, localized
Node-present, # and extent
Metastasis- none or distant

23
Q

what does TNM of staging determine

A

strength of treatment

24
Q

top four cancers in men

A

1) lung and bronchial
2) prostate
3) colon and rectal
4) pancreatic

25
Q

top four cancers in women

A

1) lung and bronchial
2) breast
3) colon and rectal
4) pancreatic

26
Q

where do breast cancer cells metastasis to

A

bone, lung, liver, brain

27
Q

where do prostate cancer cells metastasis to

A

bone (spine and legs)

28
Q

where do colorectal cancer cells metastasis to

A

liver, lymph nodes

29
Q

where do melanoma (skin) cancer cells metastasis to

A

GI tract, lymph nodes, brain

30
Q

most common areas of metastasis

A

bone, lung, liver, brain

31
Q

7 warning signs of cancer (prevention)

A

CAUTION

32
Q

what does CAUTION stand for

A 
C-change in bowel/bladder habits
A-a sore that doesnt heal
U-unusual discharge/bleeding
T-thickening or lump in body (painless)
I-indigestion, difficulty swallowing
O-obvious change in wart/mole
N-nagging cough/hoarseness
33
Q

external cancer risks

A 
environmental
radiation
viruses
HIV (immunosupressive)
age
dietary - ie/processed meats
34
Q

what foods decrease risk of cancer

A

vitamin A/C, brain, and cruciforous vegetables

35
Q

what cells are most susceptible to external risks

A

those that divide and change rapidly
breast, lung, skin, GI
*rarely hear about cardiac cancer because those cells do not regenerate

36
Q

cancer is not usually ______ until it has metastasized (stage 4)

A

PAINFUL

37
Q

words for close and far

A 
close= brachy
far= tele
38
Q

this destroys cancer cells

may take weeks to see results from this

A

radiation

39
Q

describe teletherapay

A 
beam radiation
EXTERNAL
doesnt touch patient
patient is NOT radioactive
course of treatment, go in for treatment for multiple weeks/months
40
Q

describe brachytherapy

A 
close/short dose radiation
INTERNAL
touches patient
patient is RADIOACTIVE
very high dose for short period
41
Q

what radiation is potentially hazardous to others

A

brachytherapay

42
Q

what are the ways brachytherapy can be given

A

soluble-ie/put into iodine and drink radiation then eliminate into waste
catheter-specific, targeted radiation to tumor site
seeds-radioactive metal pellets (size of rice)-elicit/emit low dose continuous radiation

43
Q

care of patient with sealed radioactive implant

A 
door closed
nurse wears dosimeter (tracks radiation)
wear lead apron (dont turn back to pt)
pregnant nurse cannot care for pt
educate family
44
Q

education for family with sealed radioactive implant

A

keep 6 ft away

limit to 30 min/day

Med Surg (23 decks)

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