Oncology Part 1 Flashcards
what characteristics do normal cells have
specific morphology differentiated functions tight adherence non migratory well regulated growth pattern
what does specific morphology mean
looks a certain way depending on cell type
why is differentiated function important
DNA says what cell should do
tells us if the cell is fully developed yet (mature?)
what is tight adherence/contact inhibition
clumped together
contact inhibition-tells cells there is no need to divide anymore, there are enough cells
what are the top 3 cancers
lung, breast/prostate, and colon
what are the top cancers in children
leukemia and nervous system
benign cells/tumor characteristics
differentiated (look like normal cells) lack regulatory growth do not stop growing NO metastasis do NOT harm environment
malignant cells characteristics
not differentiated
frequent DNA mutation (nonfunctional)
METASTASIS
no contact inhibition (continues to divide RAPIDLY)
abnormal appearance
does not know when to initiate death
not benefited to person, harmful to environment
risk factors of cancer
smoking viruses age genetic obesity
what is the greatest risk factor
AGE- 75% of new diagnoses are >55 yo
what are carcinogens?
examples?
malignant cells
sun exposure, radon, chemo, radiation
what increases cancer risk by 30%
obesity
this causes chronic inflammation and can cause change in cells
smoking
determining how differentiated cells are
differs by cell type
grading
what is the grading scale
G1- well differentiated, slow growing
G2- still resembles some of normal cell
G3- poorly differentiated but can tell where cells come from
G4- poorly differentiated, NO normal cell appearance
of chromosomes in cell
ploidy
describe cancer development
1) initiation
2) promotion
3) progression
describe initiation
something causes damage to cell
decreases ability to regulate
often goes into a latency period following this stage
describe promotion
cells have enhanced growth due to PROMOTERS
promoter example=hormones
describe progression
fewer production of normal cells and increased malignant cells
PRIMARY TUMOR development
determines location and degree of metastasis
staging
what is the acronym of staging
TNM
Tumor- present, size, localized
Node-present, # and extent
Metastasis- none or distant
what does TNM of staging determine
strength of treatment
top four cancers in men
1) lung and bronchial
2) prostate
3) colon and rectal
4) pancreatic
top four cancers in women
1) lung and bronchial
2) breast
3) colon and rectal
4) pancreatic
where do breast cancer cells metastasis to
bone, lung, liver, brain
where do prostate cancer cells metastasis to
bone (spine and legs)
where do colorectal cancer cells metastasis to
liver, lymph nodes
where do melanoma (skin) cancer cells metastasis to
GI tract, lymph nodes, brain
most common areas of metastasis
bone, lung, liver, brain
7 warning signs of cancer (prevention)
CAUTION
what does CAUTION stand for
C-change in bowel/bladder habits A-a sore that doesnt heal U-unusual discharge/bleeding T-thickening or lump in body (painless) I-indigestion, difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in wart/mole N-nagging cough/hoarseness
external cancer risks
environmental radiation viruses HIV (immunosupressive) age dietary - ie/processed meats
what foods decrease risk of cancer
vitamin A/C, brain, and cruciforous vegetables
what cells are most susceptible to external risks
those that divide and change rapidly
breast, lung, skin, GI
*rarely hear about cardiac cancer because those cells do not regenerate
cancer is not usually ______ until it has metastasized (stage 4)
PAINFUL
words for close and far
close= brachy far= tele
this destroys cancer cells
may take weeks to see results from this
radiation
describe teletherapay
beam radiation EXTERNAL doesnt touch patient patient is NOT radioactive course of treatment, go in for treatment for multiple weeks/months
describe brachytherapy
close/short dose radiation INTERNAL touches patient patient is RADIOACTIVE very high dose for short period
what radiation is potentially hazardous to others
brachytherapay
what are the ways brachytherapy can be given
soluble-ie/put into iodine and drink radiation then eliminate into waste
catheter-specific, targeted radiation to tumor site
seeds-radioactive metal pellets (size of rice)-elicit/emit low dose continuous radiation
care of patient with sealed radioactive implant
door closed nurse wears dosimeter (tracks radiation) wear lead apron (dont turn back to pt) pregnant nurse cannot care for pt educate family
education for family with sealed radioactive implant
keep 6 ft away
limit to 30 min/day
