Endocrine 1 Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

substance secreted by organ directly into blood

affects body

hormone

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what makes up the endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, testes and ovaries

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where is the pituitary gland and what are the parts of it

go in through the nose to get to it

anterior and posterior parts (secrete different hormones)

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describe the hormones/action of anterior pituitary gland

produces thyroid (TSH)-role in hypo/hyper thyroidism
adrenal cortex-steroid hormones
ACTH-stimulates cortisol
mammary gland-prolactin
bone- growth hormone

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describe the hormones/action of posterior pituitary gland

ADH (aka vasopressin)
muscles of uterus
oxytocin
ovary and testes

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produced in posterior pituitary gland
function is to retain H20

ADH

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these sit above the renal (kidney) organs and has two parts

adrenal glands

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what are the two parts of the adrenal glands

cortex (surrounding) and medulla (middle)

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describe the hormones of the cortex

glucocorticoids- cortisol(stress)
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
sex hormones- estrogen and testosterone

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describe the hormones of the medulla

epi and norepi
cathecholamine*
beta 1, beta 2, alpha

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beta 1 action

increase HR, decrease GI, increase glucagon/insulin

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beta 2 action

vasodilate, increase renin, relax muscle

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alpha action

vasoconstrict blood vessels, decrease glucagon and insulin, dilation

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describe the hormones of the thyroid gland

the two hormones (T3 and T4 are secreted into the bloodstream) affect metabolism
*thyroid hormones give us ENERGY
thyroid is based off of iodine availability and either T3 or T4 are the product

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describe T3

active form of thyroid hormone
readily taken up by cells
only 24 hrs of life

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describe T4

inactive form of thyroid
must bind with cell and 1 molecule will be cleared off to form T3
longer half life than T3 (about 3 days)

what else is also secreted by thyroid gland

calcitonin- moves Ca from blood to bone

broadly describe the problem with hyperthyroidism

too much energy

too much thyroid hormone

describe the feedback loop in hyperthyroidism

T3 and T4 are increased which tells the pituitary you do not need more TSH so TSH is decreased

describe the feedback loop in hypothyroidism

decreased T3 and T4 which causes TSH to produce way too much (increases)

how do thyroid hormones affect the body

metabloism:
increase ENERGY
increase BMR (body heat)
stimulate fat
elevated T3 and T4

assessment of a hyperthyroid pt

nervousness/irritability
decreased attention span
heat intolerance/diaphoresis (always hot)
increased appetite
decreased wt (wt loss)
SOB
visual changes
palpitations/chest pain

any organ working hard will _______

enlarge

most common hyperthyroid disease is

Grave’s disease (autoimmune disorder)

physical characteristics of hyperthyroid pt

bulging eyeballs (exopthalmos) enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) elevated BP and tachy due to increased demand on heart hair changes muscle weakness tremors GI symptoms (Increase BS, peristalsis, diarrhea)

describe exopthalmos

abnormal and irreversible bulging of eyes can see top and bottom of sclera

what does goiter indicate

ONLY thyroid dysfunction | cannot differentiate between hyper/hypothyroidism as it occurs with BOTH

describe toxic multinodular goiter

slower to develop than Grave's multiple nodules secrete excessive TH women 60-760 ys common *massive enlargement of neck (goiter)

diagnostic labs to determine hyperthyroidism

elevated T3 and T4 decreased TSH thyroid scan ECG

describe thyroid scan and interventions

given radioactive iodine, will cause glowing thyroid if hyperthyroidism discontinue iodine meds 1 wk prior to scan want to wait 6 wks before restart meds

goal of hyperthyroidism treatment

establish *euthyroid state (normal function) reduce productionof thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) prevent/treat complications meds, radioactive iodine therapy, surgery

meds for hyperthyroidism

antithyroids and beta blockers

what are the two antithyroid meds

``` methimazole or tapazole (PTU) potassium idoine (lugal solution) ```

describe methimazole or tapazole

``` antithyroid meds stop thyroid from making TH watch for hypothyroidism bleeding precautions may take up to 12 wks for effects ```

describe potassium iodine

aka lugal solution antithyroid med iodine compound (not like iodine in food) allergies to shellfish bleeding precautions bitter taste, give with orange juice and STRAW decrease size and vascularity of thyroid gland

why is potassium iodine given with straw

can stain teeth permanently

what pt should not be given a beta blocker

asthma | can cause heart attack

describe beta blockers in terms of hyperthyroid pt

``` "olol" esp propanolol help with heart symptoms decrease cardiac output also decrease anxiety stop epi and norepi production ```