Endocrine 1

Question 1

substance secreted by organ directly into blood

affects body

Answer 1

hormone

Question 2

what makes up the endocrine system

Answer 2

hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, testes and ovaries

Question 3

where is the pituitary gland and what are the parts of it

Answer 3

go in through the nose to get to it

anterior and posterior parts (secrete different hormones)

Question 4

describe the hormones/action of anterior pituitary gland

Answer 4

produces thyroid (TSH)-role in hypo/hyper thyroidism
adrenal cortex-steroid hormones
ACTH-stimulates cortisol
mammary gland-prolactin
bone- growth hormone

Question 5

describe the hormones/action of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 5

ADH (aka vasopressin)
muscles of uterus
oxytocin
ovary and testes

Question 6

produced in posterior pituitary gland
function is to retain H20

Answer 6

ADH

Question 7

these sit above the renal (kidney) organs and has two parts

Answer 7

adrenal glands

Question 8

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands

Answer 8

cortex (surrounding) and medulla (middle)

Question 9

describe the hormones of the cortex

Answer 9

glucocorticoids- cortisol(stress)
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
sex hormones- estrogen and testosterone

Question 10

describe the hormones of the medulla

Answer 10

epi and norepi
cathecholamine*
beta 1, beta 2, alpha

Question 11

beta 1 action

Answer 11

increase HR, decrease GI, increase glucagon/insulin

Question 12

beta 2 action

Answer 12

vasodilate, increase renin, relax muscle

Question 13

alpha action

Answer 13

vasoconstrict blood vessels, decrease glucagon and insulin, dilation

Question 14

describe the hormones of the thyroid gland

Answer 14

the two hormones (T3 and T4 are secreted into the bloodstream) affect metabolism
*thyroid hormones give us ENERGY
thyroid is based off of iodine availability and either T3 or T4 are the product

Question 15

describe T3

Answer 15

active form of thyroid hormone
readily taken up by cells
only 24 hrs of life

Question 16

describe T4

Answer 16

inactive form of thyroid
must bind with cell and 1 molecule will be cleared off to form T3
longer half life than T3 (about 3 days)

Question 17

what else is also secreted by thyroid gland

Answer 17

calcitonin- moves Ca from blood to bone

Question 18

broadly describe the problem with hyperthyroidism

Answer 18

too much energy

too much thyroid hormone

Question 19

describe the feedback loop in hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

T3 and T4 are increased which tells the pituitary you do not need more TSH so TSH is decreased

Question 20

describe the feedback loop in hypothyroidism

Answer 20

decreased T3 and T4 which causes TSH to produce way too much (increases)

Question 21

how do thyroid hormones affect the body

Answer 21

metabloism:
increase ENERGY
increase BMR (body heat)
stimulate fat
elevated T3 and T4

Question 22

assessment of a hyperthyroid pt

Answer 22

nervousness/irritability
decreased attention span
heat intolerance/diaphoresis (always hot)
increased appetite
decreased wt (wt loss)
SOB
visual changes
palpitations/chest pain

Question 23

any organ working hard will _______

Answer 23

enlarge

Question 24

most common hyperthyroid disease is

Answer 24

Grave’s disease (autoimmune disorder)

Question 25

physical characteristics of hyperthyroid pt

Answer 25

bulging eyeballs (exopthalmos)
enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
elevated BP and tachy due to increased demand on heart
hair changes
muscle weakness
tremors
GI symptoms (Increase BS, peristalsis, diarrhea)

Question 26

describe exopthalmos

Answer 26

abnormal and irreversible
bulging of eyes
can see top and bottom of sclera

Question 27

what does goiter indicate

Answer 27

ONLY thyroid dysfunction

cannot differentiate between hyper/hypothyroidism as it occurs with BOTH

Question 28

describe toxic multinodular goiter

Answer 28

slower to develop than Grave’s
multiple nodules secrete excessive TH
women 60-760 ys common
*massive enlargement of neck (goiter)

Question 29

diagnostic labs to determine hyperthyroidism

Answer 29

elevated T3 and T4
decreased TSH
thyroid scan
ECG

Question 30

describe thyroid scan and interventions

Answer 30

given radioactive iodine, will cause glowing thyroid if hyperthyroidism
discontinue iodine meds 1 wk prior to scan
want to wait 6 wks before restart meds

Question 31

goal of hyperthyroidism treatment

Answer 31

establish *euthyroid state (normal function)
reduce productionof thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
prevent/treat complications
meds, radioactive iodine therapy, surgery

Question 32

meds for hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

antithyroids and beta blockers

Question 33

what are the two antithyroid meds

Answer 33

methimazole or tapazole (PTU)
potassium idoine (lugal solution)

Question 34

describe methimazole or tapazole

Answer 34

antithyroid meds
stop thyroid from making TH
watch for hypothyroidism
bleeding precautions
may take up to 12 wks for effects

Question 35

describe potassium iodine

Answer 35

aka lugal solution
antithyroid med
iodine compound (not like iodine in food)
allergies to shellfish
bleeding precautions
bitter taste, give with orange juice and STRAW
decrease size and vascularity of thyroid gland

Question 36

why is potassium iodine given with straw

Answer 36

can stain teeth permanently

Question 37

what pt should not be given a beta blocker

Answer 37

asthma

can cause heart attack

Question 38

describe beta blockers in terms of hyperthyroid pt

Answer 38

"olol" esp propanolol
help with heart symptoms
decrease cardiac output
also decrease anxiety 
stop epi and norepi production