Oncology Overview Flashcards
*Define hypertrophy
Increase in the size of a cell accompanied by an augmented functional capacity
*Define hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
*Define metaplasia
Conversion of one differentiated cell type to another
*Define dysplasia
Alteration in size, shape and organization of the cellular components of a tissue.
Define cellular pleomorphism
Variation in shape and size of cells
Define nuclear pleomorphism
Variation in shape and size of nuclei
*Define differentiation
extent to which tumor cells resembles normal counterparts
*Define anaplasia
Lack of differentiation
*Define Metastasis
tumor implant DISCONTINUOUS from the primary tumor
*Define Neoplasm
abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change.
*Define Metastasis
Ability to spread
What are the diagnostic tests for prostate CA? cancer
PSA
Prostate ultrasound (trans-rectal)
Prostate biopsy
*What is the staging of prostate CA?
-Stage I:limited to one lobe of prostate
-Stage II: >1lobe, no spread beyond prostate
-Stage III: beyond outer layer of prostate to nearby tissues or seminal vesicles
Stage IV: spread to other areas of body e.g. bladder, rectum, bone, liver, lungs, lymph nodes etc
What is the incidence of BC?Second leading cause of cancer death in women
Second leading cause of cancer death in women
What are s/sx of BC?
- Palpable breast lump/mass
- Peau-de Orange (orange peel skin)
- Nipple retraction
- Change in size or contour of breast
- Flattening or indentation of skin over breast
What is the staging of BC?
- T staging (tumor):
- N (node) staging:
- M (metastasis) staging:
- Stage 0-Stage 4
What is the treatment for BC?
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Medical (Chemo, HRT, Biological therapy)
What is the incidence of colo-rectal CA?
- 148,000 new cases per year
- 3rd most common cancer in M & F
What are the s/sx of colo-rectal CA?
Blood in stool Change in bowel habits Diarrhea/constipation/feeling of incomplete evaculation Abdominal discomfort (bloating, gas pain, cramps) Change in stool caliber (narrow stools) Unexplained weight loss Fatigue Iron deficiency anemia in older male
What is the diagnosis of colo-rectal CA?
- Colonoscopy + biopsy
- CT scan for staging (abdomen + pelvis) + CXR
- Lab tests: CBC, LFT, CEA
(for rectal ca)
- Proctoscopy + biopsy
- Full colonoscopy
- EUS (especially T staging) 63-93% accuracy
- CT scan/MRI (abdomen/pelvis) + CXR
- Labs: CBC, LFT
What is the TX of colo-rectal CA?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Biological therapy
What is the leading cause of CA deaths?
Lung CA
What is the incidence of lung ca?
- 228,000 new cases per year
- 158,000 estimated deaths/year
Describe small cell lung cancer
- Rapid doubling time
- Early widespread metastasis
- Highly sensitive to chemo & radiotherapy
Describe non small cell lung cancer
-Slow growing
- extensive local disease
-Less sensitive to chemo & Radiotherapy
Staging:
Stage I – IV
-Hypercalcemia
What are the types of CA associated pain?
somatic, visceral, neuropathic
