Oncology Overview

Question 1

*Define hypertrophy

Answer 1

Increase in the size of a cell accompanied by an augmented functional capacity

Question 2

*Define hyperplasia

Answer 2

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Question 3

*Define metaplasia

Answer 3

Conversion of one differentiated cell type to another

Question 4

*Define dysplasia

Answer 4

Alteration in size, shape and organization of the cellular components of a tissue.

Question 5

Define cellular pleomorphism

Answer 5

Variation in shape and size of cells

Question 6

Define nuclear pleomorphism

Answer 6

Variation in shape and size of nuclei

Question 7

*Define differentiation

Answer 7

extent to which tumor cells resembles normal counterparts

Question 8

*Define anaplasia

Answer 8

Lack of differentiation

Question 9

*Define Metastasis

Answer 9

tumor implant DISCONTINUOUS from the primary tumor

Question 10

*Define Neoplasm

Answer 10

abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change.

Question 11

*Define Metastasis

Answer 11

Ability to spread

Question 12

What are the diagnostic tests for prostate CA? cancer

Answer 12

PSA
Prostate ultrasound (trans-rectal)
Prostate biopsy

Question 13

*What is the staging of prostate CA?

Answer 13

-Stage I:limited to one lobe of prostate
-Stage II: >1lobe, no spread beyond prostate
-Stage III: beyond outer layer of prostate to nearby tissues or seminal vesicles
Stage IV: spread to other areas of body e.g. bladder, rectum, bone, liver, lungs, lymph nodes etc

Question 14

What is the incidence of BC?Second leading cause of cancer death in women

Answer 14

Second leading cause of cancer death in women

Question 15

What are s/sx of BC?

Answer 15

• Palpable breast lump/mass
• Peau-de Orange (orange peel skin)
• Nipple retraction
• Change in size or contour of breast
• Flattening or indentation of skin over breast

Question 16

What is the staging of BC?

Answer 16

• T staging (tumor):
• N (node) staging:
• M (metastasis) staging:
• Stage 0-Stage 4

Question 17

What is the treatment for BC?

Answer 17

• Surgery
• Radiation
• Medical (Chemo, HRT, Biological therapy)

Question 18

What is the incidence of colo-rectal CA?

Answer 18

• 148,000 new cases per year

- 3rd most common cancer in M & F

Question 19

What are the s/sx of colo-rectal CA?

Answer 19

Blood in stool
Change in bowel habits
Diarrhea/constipation/feeling of incomplete evaculation
Abdominal discomfort (bloating, gas pain, cramps)
Change in stool caliber (narrow stools)
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Iron deficiency anemia in older male

Question 20

What is the diagnosis of colo-rectal CA?

Answer 20

• Colonoscopy + biopsy
• CT scan for staging (abdomen + pelvis) + CXR
• Lab tests: CBC, LFT, CEA

(for rectal ca)

• Proctoscopy + biopsy
• Full colonoscopy
• EUS (especially T staging) 63-93% accuracy
• CT scan/MRI (abdomen/pelvis) + CXR
• Labs: CBC, LFT

Question 21

What is the TX of colo-rectal CA?

Answer 21

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Biological therapy

Question 22

What is the leading cause of CA deaths?

Answer 22

Lung CA

Question 23

What is the incidence of lung ca?

Answer 23

• 228,000 new cases per year

- 158,000 estimated deaths/year

Question 24

Describe small cell lung cancer

Answer 24

• Rapid doubling time
• Early widespread metastasis
• Highly sensitive to chemo & radiotherapy

Question 25

Describe non small cell lung cancer

Answer 25

-Slow growing
- extensive local disease
-Less sensitive to chemo & Radiotherapy
Staging:
Stage I – IV
-Hypercalcemia

Question 26

What are the types of CA associated pain?

Answer 26

somatic, visceral, neuropathic