oncology Flashcards
In what stage of cancer is the cancer usually localized to the primary organ?
Stage 1
What can be generated by translocations in which part of one gene moves to a different chromosome and recombines with another gene?
Fusion proteins
Approximately what percent of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastasis?
30%
What is the first level of dysplasia?
Metaplasia
Which type of malignant tumor originates from adipose tissue?
Liposarcoma
What gene appears to be the trigger of programmed cell death as a way of regulating uncontrolled cellular prolifertation?
p53
Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of bone cancer?
Lungs
What are the most common of all metastatic tumors?
Lung
Bronchodilators (andrenergic) Suffix and Primary Indication
-erol, bronchodilation
Bronchodilators (xanthine derivatives) Suffix and Primary Indication
-phylline, Bronchodilation
What type of malignant tumor originates from cartilage?
Chondrosarcoma
Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of colorectal cancer via blood?
Liver
What are cancer causing genes that have the ability to transform normal cells into malignant cells?
Oncogenes
Using the TNM staging system, what would be the grade if the cancer has increasing degrees of involvement of regional lymph nodes?
N1
Which of the following cells can recognize different types of tumor antigens?
T Cells
What is the first level of dysplasia?
Metaplasia
In what stage of cancer is it described that increased risk of spread because of tumor size?
Stage 2
In which mitotic phase are when cells are most susceptible to chemotherapy?
Synthesis and Mitosis
Which class of chemotherapy agents disrupts cellular mitosis by inhibiting microtubule assembly or disassembly?
Microtubule targeting agents
monoclonal antibodies may be especially effective in treating certain cancers because these drugs…
Bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer cells
Most Cancer chemotherapy agents exert severe and potentially toxic side effects because?
Most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissues and cancerous cells
Tumor lysis syndrome is a serious complication of chemotherapy that has significant adverse effects on the
Kidney
What is true for myelosuppression after chemotherapy?
Patient may easily get infected due to fewer white blood cells
If a patient has a tumor in the pancreas, what would be the most common site of pain referral for this tumor?
Shoulder, mid thoracic, or low back
What can be the cause of cancer related fatigue?
Emotional distress
When tumors produce signs and symptoms at a site distant from the tumor or its metastasized sites, these remote effects of malignancy are collectively known as
Paraneoplastic syndromes
In what stage are cells most sensitive to radiation therapy?
G2
What is the last step in the mitotic cycle before cell division?
G2
Which chemotherapy agents bind to DNA and prevents DNA replication?
Alkylating Agents
In what type of cancer is Tamoxifen used for?
Breast Cancer
A relatively new strategy for treating certain tumors is to prevent the formation of new blood vessels, thus impairing tumor growth by starving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. drugs that use a strategy are known as…
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Some of the newer cancer chemotherapy agents are called biological therapies or biological response modifiers because they..
Encourage the body’s immune system to fight cancerous cells
What is the mechanism of action for cytarabine?
Inhibit rna and dna synthesis
Which of the following healthcare professionals determines the delivery method and dosage of radiation therapy to be provided to a patient?
Radiation oncologist
Which if the following concepts describes the theory that each round of chemotherapy will affect a certain percentage of cancerous cells, and the chem therapeutic regimen can never completely eliminate the tumor?
Cell kill hypothesis
What is the trade name of doxorubicin?
Adriamycin
Why is the drug class for fluorouracil
Antimetabolites
What is the drug class of cyclophosphamide?
Alkylating Agents
What is anaplasia?
When the cell loses its specific characteristics and looks very abnormal. Linked to cancer.
Name me the 5 stages of cancer
Stage 0- “carcinoma in situ” there are abnormal cells but they have not invaded nearby tissues
Stage 1- “early stage cancer” still localized and has not spread
Stage 2- the tumor is bigger and has a higher risk of spreading to other tissues
Stage 3- the cancer has spread locally meaning it has moved into nearby tissues or lymph nodes but has not reached distant parts of body
Stage 4- this stage means the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
Explain to me the clinical manifestations of cancer
Early stage of cancer:
Asymptomatic- most cancers don’t show any signs or symptoms, if caught early. They can be treated effectively.
As cancer progresses, common symptoms are nausea and anorexia which happens because the body changes how it uses its energy
Later stages of cancer:
Tumor growth- as the tumor gets bigger, it can push in healthy tissues
Symptoms are muscle weakness, anemia, coagulation and fever
Advanced Stage:
Spread of cancer- the cancer can spread to different parts of the body
Symptoms include obstruction and weakened immunity
Explain to me the clinical manifestations of cancer
Early stage of cancer:
Asymptomatic- most cancers don’t show any signs or symptoms, if caught early. They can be treated effectively.
As cancer progresses, common symptoms are nausea and anorexia which happens because the body changes how it uses its energy
Later stages of cancer:
Tumor growth- as the tumor gets bigger, it can push in healthy tissues
Symptoms are muscle weakness, anemia, coagulation and fever
Advanced Stage:
Spread of cancer- the cancer can spread to different parts of the body
Symptoms include obstruction and weakened immunity
What can increase a persons perception of pain?
Depression and anxiety
Cancer pain occurs approximately…
1/4 of adults with newly diagnosed malignancies
1/3 of individuals undergoing treatment
3/4 of all people with advanced disease
Common patterns of pain referral: heart?
Shoulder neck upper back or tmj
Common patterns of pain referral: abdominal cavity?
Hip pain from abscess of psoas or obturator muscles
Common patterns of pain referral: diaphragmatic irritation
Lumbar spine and shoulder
What are some non pharmacological modalities?
Massage, relaxation training to reduce stress and anxiety
What are some primary preventions of cancer?
Epigenetics, chemoprevention, cancer vaccine
What are some primary preventions of cancer?
Epigenetics, chemoprevention, cancer vaccine
In what phase are cells most resistant to chemotherapy?
G0 phase
Radiotherapy is used in how many cases of cancer?
50%
What is growth fraction?
It describes the percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing compared to the total number of cancer cells in a tumor
How can exercise be used as a prevention strategy for cancer?
A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for several of the most common types of cancer
30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 5 days/week will reduce the risk of cancer
How many children per year are diagnosed with cancer?
8400 children
What % of children will survive 5 years or more?
79% of children will survive 5 years or more
What is an alkylating agent?
These drugs attach to dna in cancer cells which stops dna from doing its job
What are antimetabolites?
These drugs look like the building blocks that cells need to make DNA and RNA. They trick the cell into using them instead of the real building blocks, leading to faulty dna.
What are topoisomerase inhibitors?
It is an enzyme that helps untwist dna so it can be copied. These drugs stop that enzyme making it impossible for the cell to replicate its DNA.
