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oncology Flashcards

1
Q

In what stage of cancer is the cancer usually localized to the primary organ?

A

Stage 1

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2
Q

What can be generated by translocations in which part of one gene moves to a different chromosome and recombines with another gene?

A

Fusion proteins

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3
Q

Approximately what percent of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastasis?

A

30%

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4
Q

What is the first level of dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

Which type of malignant tumor originates from adipose tissue?

A

Liposarcoma

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6
Q

What gene appears to be the trigger of programmed cell death as a way of regulating uncontrolled cellular prolifertation?

A

p53

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7
Q

Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of bone cancer?

A

Lungs

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8
Q

What are the most common of all metastatic tumors?

A

Lung

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9
Q

Bronchodilators (andrenergic) Suffix and Primary Indication

A

-erol, bronchodilation

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10
Q

Bronchodilators (xanthine derivatives) Suffix and Primary Indication

A

-phylline, Bronchodilation

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11
Q

What type of malignant tumor originates from cartilage?

A

Chondrosarcoma

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12
Q

Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of colorectal cancer via blood?

A

Liver

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13
Q

What are cancer causing genes that have the ability to transform normal cells into malignant cells?

A

Oncogenes

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14
Q

Using the TNM staging system, what would be the grade if the cancer has increasing degrees of involvement of regional lymph nodes?

A

N1

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15
Q

Which of the following cells can recognize different types of tumor antigens?

A

T Cells

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16
Q

What is the first level of dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia

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17
Q

In what stage of cancer is it described that increased risk of spread because of tumor size?

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

In which mitotic phase are when cells are most susceptible to chemotherapy?

A

Synthesis and Mitosis

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19
Q

Which class of chemotherapy agents disrupts cellular mitosis by inhibiting microtubule assembly or disassembly?

A

Microtubule targeting agents

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20
Q

monoclonal antibodies may be especially effective in treating certain cancers because these drugs…

A

Bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer cells

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21
Q

Most Cancer chemotherapy agents exert severe and potentially toxic side effects because?

A

Most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissues and cancerous cells

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22
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome is a serious complication of chemotherapy that has significant adverse effects on the

A

Kidney

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23
Q

What is true for myelosuppression after chemotherapy?

A

Patient may easily get infected due to fewer white blood cells

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24
Q

If a patient has a tumor in the pancreas, what would be the most common site of pain referral for this tumor?

A

Shoulder, mid thoracic, or low back

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25
Q

What can be the cause of cancer related fatigue?

A

Emotional distress

26
Q

When tumors produce signs and symptoms at a site distant from the tumor or its metastasized sites, these remote effects of malignancy are collectively known as

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

27
Q

In what stage are cells most sensitive to radiation therapy?

A

G2

28
Q

What is the last step in the mitotic cycle before cell division?

A

G2

29
Q

Which chemotherapy agents bind to DNA and prevents DNA replication?

A

Alkylating Agents

30
Q

In what type of cancer is Tamoxifen used for?

A

Breast Cancer

31
Q

A relatively new strategy for treating certain tumors is to prevent the formation of new blood vessels, thus impairing tumor growth by starving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. drugs that use a strategy are known as…

A

Angiogenesis inhibitors

32
Q

Some of the newer cancer chemotherapy agents are called biological therapies or biological response modifiers because they..

A

Encourage the body’s immune system to fight cancerous cells

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cytarabine?

A

Inhibit rna and dna synthesis

34
Q

Which of the following healthcare professionals determines the delivery method and dosage of radiation therapy to be provided to a patient?

A

Radiation oncologist

35
Q

Which if the following concepts describes the theory that each round of chemotherapy will affect a certain percentage of cancerous cells, and the chem therapeutic regimen can never completely eliminate the tumor?

A

Cell kill hypothesis

36
Q

What is the trade name of doxorubicin?

A

Adriamycin

37
Q

Why is the drug class for fluorouracil

A

Antimetabolites

38
Q

What is the drug class of cyclophosphamide?

A

Alkylating Agents

39
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

When the cell loses its specific characteristics and looks very abnormal. Linked to cancer.

40
Q

Name me the 5 stages of cancer

A

Stage 0- “carcinoma in situ” there are abnormal cells but they have not invaded nearby tissues

Stage 1- “early stage cancer” still localized and has not spread

Stage 2- the tumor is bigger and has a higher risk of spreading to other tissues

Stage 3- the cancer has spread locally meaning it has moved into nearby tissues or lymph nodes but has not reached distant parts of body

Stage 4- this stage means the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

41
Q
A
42
Q

Explain to me the clinical manifestations of cancer

A

Early stage of cancer:
Asymptomatic- most cancers don’t show any signs or symptoms, if caught early. They can be treated effectively.
As cancer progresses, common symptoms are nausea and anorexia which happens because the body changes how it uses its energy

Later stages of cancer:
Tumor growth- as the tumor gets bigger, it can push in healthy tissues
Symptoms are muscle weakness, anemia, coagulation and fever

Advanced Stage:
Spread of cancer- the cancer can spread to different parts of the body
Symptoms include obstruction and weakened immunity

43
Q

Explain to me the clinical manifestations of cancer

A

Early stage of cancer:
Asymptomatic- most cancers don’t show any signs or symptoms, if caught early. They can be treated effectively.
As cancer progresses, common symptoms are nausea and anorexia which happens because the body changes how it uses its energy

Later stages of cancer:
Tumor growth- as the tumor gets bigger, it can push in healthy tissues
Symptoms are muscle weakness, anemia, coagulation and fever

Advanced Stage:
Spread of cancer- the cancer can spread to different parts of the body
Symptoms include obstruction and weakened immunity

44
Q

What can increase a persons perception of pain?

A

Depression and anxiety

45
Q

Cancer pain occurs approximately…

A

1/4 of adults with newly diagnosed malignancies
1/3 of individuals undergoing treatment
3/4 of all people with advanced disease

46
Q

Common patterns of pain referral: heart?

A

Shoulder neck upper back or tmj

47
Q

Common patterns of pain referral: abdominal cavity?

A

Hip pain from abscess of psoas or obturator muscles

48
Q

Common patterns of pain referral: diaphragmatic irritation

A

Lumbar spine and shoulder

49
Q

What are some non pharmacological modalities?

A

Massage, relaxation training to reduce stress and anxiety

50
Q

What are some primary preventions of cancer?

A

Epigenetics, chemoprevention, cancer vaccine

51
Q

What are some primary preventions of cancer?

A

Epigenetics, chemoprevention, cancer vaccine

52
Q

In what phase are cells most resistant to chemotherapy?

A

G0 phase

53
Q

Radiotherapy is used in how many cases of cancer?

A

50%

54
Q

What is growth fraction?

A

It describes the percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing compared to the total number of cancer cells in a tumor

55
Q

How can exercise be used as a prevention strategy for cancer?

A

A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for several of the most common types of cancer

30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 5 days/week will reduce the risk of cancer

56
Q

How many children per year are diagnosed with cancer?

A

8400 children

57
Q

What % of children will survive 5 years or more?

A

79% of children will survive 5 years or more

58
Q

What is an alkylating agent?

A

These drugs attach to dna in cancer cells which stops dna from doing its job

59
Q

What are antimetabolites?

A

These drugs look like the building blocks that cells need to make DNA and RNA. They trick the cell into using them instead of the real building blocks, leading to faulty dna.

60
Q

What are topoisomerase inhibitors?

A

It is an enzyme that helps untwist dna so it can be copied. These drugs stop that enzyme making it impossible for the cell to replicate its DNA.

internal med (9 decks)

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