Oncology Flashcards
What some risk factors for cancer that are non- modifiable?
Age
Gender
Genetics
Ethinicity
What are 3 screening tests that go on in the UK?
Bowel - from age 50-74 every 2 years
Breast - -from age 50-70 every 3 years
Cervical - from age 25-49 every 3 years after that you get invited every 5 years until age 64
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for breast cancer?
1) women over 30 with a lump that doesn’t disappear after her period
2) women under 30 but have a lump, that is enlarged, hard & fixed in nature and has other concerns suggesting cancer
3) Menopausal women with a lump
4) Woman with a lump who has had cancer previously
5) Men over 50 with a breast mass
6) Eczematous skin or nipple change resistant to treatment
7) Spontaneous unilateral bloody nipple discharge
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww lung cancer?
Stridor
Distended julaglar vein
Signs of Superior vena cava obstruction e.g edema in the neck, face and upper chest
Chest x-ray of suspicious lung cancer
Persistent haemptysis in smoker or ex-smokers over the age of 40
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww haematology?
1) persistant Lymphademyothy
2) persistent unexplained splenomegalay
3) patient with a blood film or count reported as leukaemia
4) Unexplained AKI
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww gynaecological cancer?
Lesion on the cervix
Unexplained intermenstural bleeding
Abdominal mass
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww head and neck cancers?
Hoarsnes of the voice
swelling of the thyroid
white patches in the mouths
Ulcers in the mouth that are not healing over 3 weeks
Cervial Lymphadeopathy
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for colorectal cancer?
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for upper GI cancer?
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for urology cancer??
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for sacroma
What are symptoms that would make you consider 2ww for skin?
What is the process of cancer diagnoses?
1)Physical exam
2)Bedside tests -Urinalysis and Blood sugar
3) Blood tests- FBC,LFTS,eGRF,tumor markers
4) Scans-Ultrasound,CT,PET, Bone scan, MRI
5) Biopsy-Histology
what are some cancer emergencies?
1) Brain metastes
2) GI obstruction
3)
What are the 4 levels of GI obstruction?
Osephagous
Gastric outflow
Small bowel
Large bowel
What is the treatment for GI obstruction?
Supportive -Ryles tubes, Hydration, Feeding plan
Medical- Anti- cancer systemic treatments
Surgical- Hemi-colectomy, Stents, Resection
How does Superior vena cava obstruction present?
Breathlessness
Glosstis
Swelling of the neck and face
Flushed(facial plethora)
Blurred vision
What is the treatment for SVCO?
SVC stent
Radiotherapy
Systemic anti-cancer treatment
which cancer is spinal cord compression common in?
Prostate cancer
What is the presenting symptoms of metastatic spinal card compression?
Back pain
Loss power
Loss of sensation
Reduced mobility
Loss of bladder and bowel function
What is the treatment for MSCC?
Steroid
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Systemic anti- cancer therapy
What is malignant hypercalcaemia?
Hypercalcaemia of malignancy occurs as a consequence of osteolysis and renal tubular reabsorption of calcium.What is hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a common finding typically in patients with advanced stage cancers. Hypercalcemia of malignancy usually presents with markedly elevated calcium levels and patients are therefore usually severely symptomatic
How malignant hypercacleicmia present?
feeling more tired than usual.
feeling weak.
not wanting to eat much.
constipation.
loss of concentration and interest in doing things.
mild confusion.
low mood.
irritability.
What are the compication of malignant hypercalcaemia?
Abnormal bone remodelling incresed risk of fractures
Stones - increased risk of kidney stones
Depressed mood
Pyschosis
Cognitive dysfunction
