Oncology 1 Flashcards
Cancer progesses from early stage to late stage. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Metastasis is usually late stage and is difficult ot treat with poorer outcome. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Define these terms:
Tumour, begnin, metastasis,inavsion, malignant, disease staging, tumour grade, cytotoxic and cytostatic
- Tumour - is an abnormal growth
- Begnin - non- invasive
- metastasis - it can migrate to different part of the body
- Invasion - migration into the local tissue through surrounding membrane
- malignant - an invasive cancerous growth
- Disease stage - assessing of how far the tumour has spread
- tumour grade - degree of differentiation of cells in the tumour
- cytotoxic - something that kills cells
- cytostatic - something that inhibits cell proliferation
Dysplasia is the altered organisation of cell and hyperplasia is the increased number of cells in the tissue. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what are the 5 different types of cancer therapy available?
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Targeted/biological therapy
- Radiation
- Palliative care
Chemotherapy is a toxin (poision), it depends upon the fact that the cancer cells are proliferatig at a faster rate than others. it targets cell division processes. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the issues with chemotherapy?
- Drugs may start to target other cells that also proliferate at a fast rate
- Leads to horrible side effects such as hair loss
what are the issues with hormone therapy?
- The cells can become hormone independent
What are the key issues with targeted therapy?
- Costs
- patient resistance
- efficacy
You should not give live vaccines to patients receing chemotherapy. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the ADRs of chemotherapy?
- Attacks other fast growing cells
- GI mucosa
- Bone marrow (myelosuppression)
- teratogenic
- Hair follicles
How do alkylating agents work (chemotherapy)?
- They alkylate especially in the nucleophilic sites
- they form cross-linkages
- mutations can occur due to incorrect base pairing
- If this occurs in a cancer cell, it can lead to cell death of cancer cell
Give an example of an alkylating agent drug?
Cyclophosphamine - prodrug activated by p450
- has a fairly long half life
Alkylating agents tend to have short half lives. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what is cylophosphominde indicated for?
- Breast cancer
- Leukemia
What does topoisomerase do?
- regulates the DNA supercoiling
Give an example of cytotoxic antibiotics?
- Anthracyclins
camptothecins (cytotoxic antibiotic) prevent topoisomrase 1 from repairing the break. true or false?
true
etoposide prevents topoisomerase 2 from repairing the break. true or false?
true
Bleomycin is a glycopeptide that chelates fe2+. true or false?
true
Azathiopurine is a pro-drug of mercaptopurine. true or false?
true
How does antrocyclin (Cytotoxic antiboiotic) work?
- They work by inhibiting topoisomerase which interchalets with DNA and causes double strand break and loss of genetic material
Topoisomerase 1 cleaves single strand
Toposiomerase 2 cleaves both strands. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Antracyclcins can change urine colour. true or flase?
true
Anti-metabolites blocks the synthesis of nucleotides. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase. TRUE RO FALSE/
TRUE
Methotraxte is an anti-metabolit drug that blocks the production of dihydrofolate reductase. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what is Methotraxate indicated for?
- Chemotherapy anti-metabolite agent
- Cna also be used to treat psoriasis but this is i much lower doses
What interactions can methotraxate have?
- NSAIDS and aspirin
- Penicillin
what is chain termination?
- The drugs get incorporated into the DNA chain and terminates it
Azacytidine alters gene expression. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
How do microtubule inhibitors work?
- Microtubules play an important role in chromosome segragation
- They undergo dynamic instability
microtubules undergo polymerizationa nd depolymerisation - Vinca alkaloids inhibit polymerization
- Which inhibits M-phase of mitosis leading to apoptosis
Give an example of a microtubule inhibitor (vinca alkaloid)?
- Vinblastine
What are the ADRs for vinca alkaloids?
- Cause neurotoxicity and paraethesia
Docetaxel and paclitaxel are what type of microtubule inhibotors?
- Taxanes
What are the two types of microtubule inhibitors?
- Taxanes
- Vinca alkaloids
How do platinum drugs work?
- Bind to DNA causing dagamge response leading to apoptosis
rpovide example of platinum drugs drugs/
- Cisplatin
- Carboplatin
Platinum drugs are no metabolised they are cleared by glomeruli filtration. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
WHat are the ADRs of platinum drugs?
- They cause neprotoxicity and ototoxicity
Chemothrapy kills a fraction of cells each time it is used. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Hormonal therapy is chemotherapy. true or false?
False
What is tamoxifen and what is it used for?
- It is a eostrogen receptor antagonist
- Used for treatment of Breast cancer that are ER positive as a hormonal therapy
wHat do aromatase inhibitors do?
- They are hormone thearpy that inhibis synthesi of oestrogen
Give an example of a aromatase inhibitor drug?
- Anastrozole
When are androgen receptors antagonists useful?
- In the treatment of prostate cancer that are dependent on androgen receptor
Provide an example of a androgen antagonist drug?
- Bicalutamide
How do gonaderolins work?
- They block production of LH and FSH by over stimulation of the LHRH receptors
