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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Olinger - Cardiology > Flashcards

Olinger - Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Superior and Inferior Mediastinum

A

The separated by sternal angle

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2
Q

The infernal mediastinum is

A

subdivided into anterior, middle, posterior

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3
Q

Anterior mediastinum is

A

anterior to heart

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4
Q

Middle mediastinum is

A

the heart

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5
Q

Posterior mediastinum is

A

posterior to the heart

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

FROM left atrium –> bicuspid valve –>Left Ventricle–> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Arterial System –> capillaries –> venous system –> superior/inferior vena cava –> heart

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7
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> tricuspid –> Rive Ventricle –> Pulmonary valve –> Pulmonary trunk –> R/L lungs –> Pulmonary veins –> heart

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

(outermost layer: made up of visceral serous pericardium)

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

thick muscular layer made up spiraling overlapping layers of cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

lack of blood flow to a specific area of myocardium, usually result of a blockage in coronary artery

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11
Q

Angia Pectoris

A

literally means “strangling pain of the chest” originates in heart and radiates into chest

usually has something to do with obstructed coronary arteries that produce ischemia of the myocardium

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining the inside of the chambers of the heart and valves

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13
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

dense collagenous fibers

produces attachment points for the myocardium
produces attachment points for the vales of the cuspid valves
supports and strengthens atrioventricular and smilunar orifices
provides an electrically insulated barrier between atria and ventricles

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14
Q

the heart is self-

A

initializing: meaning if you cut all the innervation to it, it will still pump

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15
Q

the heart is made up of a serious pericardium: what are the components of the serous pericardium

A

the Parietal and Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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16
Q

what serve as attachment sites for the myocardium?

A

the fibrous rings that surround the openings. also attachment point for the valves, and it’s also an insulator so atrial contraction doesn’t pass waves through musculature

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17
Q

what direction does the apex of the heart point?

A

leftward

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18
Q

Sternocostal surface

A

Right Ventricle

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19
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

R/L Ventricles

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20
Q

Pulmonary Surface

A

Paired: Right atrium and Left Ventricle occupying the cardiac impression on both lungs

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21
Q

Borders of the heart

A

Right Atrium/ Inferior (Right Ventricle)/ Left Ventricle/ Superior (R/L Atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

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22
Q

What border is defined by the R and L atria, and serves as the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Superior border

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23
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

served as communication between the pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta

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24
Q

Right Atrioventricular groove

A

divides right atrium and right ventricle: carries R. Coronary A.

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25
Q

Left Atrioventricular groove

A

between left atrium and left ventricle, houses the “Coronary sinus”

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26
Q

Anterior interventricular groove

A

between Right and Left on anterior aspect of heart

transmits Anterior Interventricular A and the Great Cardiac V

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27
Q

Posterior interventricular groove

A

between Right and Left ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart, transmits posterior interventricular A and the middle cardiac a

28
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

External vertical groove corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

29
Q

Ligamentum Ateriosum

A

travels from the superior aspect of the pulmonary trunk to the inferior concave border of the aortic arch.

adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus

30
Q

what two muscle “named” groups do you find in the R. Atrium?

A

Pectinate (rough)

and Sinus Venarum (smooth)

31
Q

Crista terminalis

A

the ridge that separates the pectinate from the sinus venarum

32
Q

sinus venarum

A

smooth muscle, the septa between the R/L atrium: called the the interatrial septum

where Venae Cavae and Coronary Sinus empty

33
Q

what is the septa between the r/l atria?

A

the sinus venarum –> interatrial septum

34
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

oval shaped depression that is an embryological remnant

depression on the interatrial septum

35
Q

Opening for the coronary sinus

A

in the right atrium

36
Q

R/L Auricles

A

the little flappy things on the atria that clinicians call the “appendages”

37
Q

Foramen ovalis

A

the hole in the interatrial septum allowing fetal blood to be shunted from the r. atrium to the l. atrium

becomes fossa ovalis

38
Q

Atrial Septa defects

A

typically incomplete closure of the foramen ovale, roughly 15-120% of adults have small patency in their forament ovale which is considered clinically insignificant

39
Q

What do we find in the R atria?

A 
Opening for R. coronary artery
Fossa Ovalis (in adults) 
Interatrial septum
Sinus venarum 
Pectinate muscle 
Crista terminalis
40
Q

R. Atrioventricular Orifice

A

passage from R. Atrium to R. Ventricle

occluded by tricuspid

41
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

covers R. Atrioventricular Orifice

42
Q

Tricuspid

A

has 3 cusps, separates R. Atrium from R. Ventricle

Anterior Cusp, Posterior Cusp, Septal Cusp
Chordae Tendonae: attaches free edges of the three cusps

43
Q

Chordae Tendonae

A

attaches free edges of the three cusps to the three corresponding papillary muscles

44
Q

Trabecula Carnae

A

the rought wall of the R. Ventricle

45
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

smooth wall of R. Ventricle

46
Q

Septomarginal Trabeculum

A

carries subendocardial branch (Purkenki fibers), extension of the conus arteriosus

47
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

R/L/A cusp

48
Q

What do you find in the R. Ventricle?

A

Trabecula Carnae
Conus Arteriosus
Pulmonary valve
Septomarginal Trabeculum

49
Q

L. Atrium contains

A 
opening for the 4 pulmonary veins 
sinus venarum 
interatrial septum 
left auricle 
leads to left atrioventricular orifice
50
Q

L. Ventricle contains

A 
Bicuspid valve 
anterior cusp 
Chordae Tendonae 
Posterior Cusp
Papillary M. 
Aortic sinuses 
Aortic Valve
Aortic Vestibule 
Trabecula Carnae
51
Q

Aortic valve

A

NOT an active valve, works passively because of the backflow of blood due to recoil of elastic aorta.

52
Q

What is the connection between the aortic valve and the coronary arteries?

A

there’s a backflow of blood due to recoil of elastic aorta when the aortic valve is passive shut, this causes the coronary arteries to begin filling when the myocardium is relaxed

53
Q

what function do the aortic sinuses serve?

A

they fill with blood because of the backpressure on the aortic valve, and they lead to the coronary arteries

r. aortic sinus –> r. coronary artery
l. coronary sinus –> l. coronary artery

54
Q

Where does the ascending aorta begin?

A

at the aortic valve

55
Q

diastole

A

initiated by sinoatrial node

56
Q

sinoatrial node —>

A

atrioventricular wall —> atrioventrical node

pacemaker of heart

57
Q

atrioventricular node —>

A

atrioventricular bunde —> subendocardial branches

58
Q

“fibrillation”

A

twitching of the heart

59
Q

defibrillator

A

makes the heart STOP, not twitch!

60
Q

sequence of pericardiums

fibrous, visceral, parietal

A

Fibrous Pericardium (outside) –> Parietal Serous –> Visceral Serous Pericardium (inside)

61
Q

Transverse Pericardial Sinus

A

runs under great

vessels superior vena cava
ascending aorta
pulmonary aorta

62
Q

Oblique Pericardial Sinus

A

essentially the layer posterior to the heart where it sits, things collect there

63
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

64
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

fluid inside pericardium but outside the heart

65
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

removal of fluid from pericardium

Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (21 decks)

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