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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Hemodynamics Ballam > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Ballam Flashcards

1
Q

the rate at which blood is pumped from the ventricles is called the

A

cardiac output

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2
Q

cardiac output =

A

SV X HR

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3
Q

CO%: Cerebral

A

15%

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4
Q

CO%: Coronary

A

5%

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5
Q

CO%: Renal

A

25%

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6
Q

CO%: Gastrointestinal

A

25%

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7
Q

CO%: Skeletal muscle

A

25%

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8
Q

CO%: skin

A

5%

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9
Q

Three main mechanisms of distributing blood to the major organ systems: 1

A

CO is constant, but blood flow is redistributed among the organ systems by the selective alteration of arteriolar resistance

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10
Q

Three main mechanisms of distributing blood to the major organ systems: 2

A

CO increases or decreases, but %’s remain the same

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11
Q

Three main mechanisms of distributing blood to the major organ systems: 3

A

CO is altered AND %s are altered

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12
Q

Stressed Volume

A

the volume of blood in the arteries (under high pressure)

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13
Q

where is the site of highest resistance to blood flow

A

arterioles

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14
Q

arterioles have what kinds of receptors that do what

A

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction. vasoconstriction increases resistance

beta adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

at any given moment the greatest amount of blood is contained in the

A

veins

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16
Q

unstressed volume

A

% of blood in the veins (!00%)

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17
Q

veins have ____ receptors

A

adrenergic receptors, causing contraction and reducing their capacitance, therefore, reducing unstressed volume

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18
Q

velocity of blood flow =

A

v = Q/ A

Q = flow ml/s
A = cross sectional area (cm squared)

A = pi(r^squared), r= radius

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19
Q

the units of velocity are

A

cm/s

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20
Q

as vessel diameter increases, velocity

A

decreases, because radius in the calculation for Area is squared, so it continually gets bigger

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21
Q

the relationship between pressure, resistance, and flow: formula

A

Flow (Q) / Delta Pressure/ R

Q = P/R

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22
Q

the magnitude of blood flow is directly proportional to

A

size of pressure difference

Q = P/R

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23
Q

Blood flow is _____ proportional to resistance

A

inversely proportional

Q = P/R

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24
Q

TPR

A

total peripheral resistance

can be measured by substitution Q (flow) with CO, and the pressure difference between vena cava and aorta

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25
Q

SVR

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR) = TPR

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26
Q

Poiseuille equation tells us what

A

the relationship between resistance, blood vessel diameter and blood viscosity

the Poiseuille equation allows us to determine the resistance of the a blood vessel to blood flow.

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27
Q

Poiseuille equation: formula

A

R = (8 * viscosity of blood * length of blood vessel)/ (radius of blood vessel raised to fourth power * pi)

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28
Q

What big picture relationshops of the Poiseuille equation can we talk about without seeing numbers?

A

direct and indirect relations, and that with each increase in the radius of the blood vessel, the numerator is reduced by fourth power of the radius

when radius increases, resistance decreases

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29
Q

Total resistance of the system arranged in series is

A

equal to the sum of the individual resistances

R+R+R

30
Q

Which factor in total vascular resistance is the most determinant?

A

arteriolar resistance

31
Q

the greatest decrease in pressure occurs in the

A

arterioles, because they contribute the most to resistance

32
Q

Parallel resistance

A

I/R (total) = 1/R + 1/R etc

as you add R’s, total R decreases

33
Q

1500 foot level insights about parallel R and in series R

A

in series R: the total flow through all of the them will be equal, pressure decreases progressively

in parallel R: flow will be cumulative, each contributing a fraction to the overall flow, but the pressure in them all remains the same

34
Q

Mean pressure of the Aorta

A

100 mmHg

35
Q

Mean pressure of the Large arteries

A

100, 120 systolic, 80 diastolic

36
Q

Mean pressure of the arterioles

A

50

37
Q

Mean pressure of the capillaries

A

20

38
Q

Mean pressure of the vena cava

A

4

39
Q

Mean pressure of the Right Atrium

A

0-2

40
Q

Mean pressure of the Pulmonary arteries

A

15: systolic 15, diastolic 8

41
Q

Mean pressure of the pulmonary capillaries

A

10

42
Q

Mean pressure of the pulmonary veins

A

8 mmHg

43
Q

Mean pressure of the left atrium

A

2-5 mmHg

44
Q

Which vessel has the most area? What is its volume?

A

capillaries have the most area but very little volume

45
Q

Which vessel has the most volume? what is its area?

A

Veins have the most volume and the second most area after capillaries

46
Q

Cardiac output = (Ballam’s formula)

A

(arterial pressure - venous pressure)/TPR (total peripheral resistance)

47
Q

Laminar Flow

A

blood flow in the cardiovascular system is parabolic

blood towards the center is faster than blood near the vessel walls, as a result each successive layer of blood near the centers is a little bit faster

48
Q

Velocity of blood at the vessel wall is __ and the blood at the center is

A

0

maximal

49
Q

Turbulence

A

occurs when vessel wall has disturbances. fluid streams do not remain in a parabolic shape and begin to mix

often accompanied by murmurs

50
Q

What is the energy profile of turbulence compared to laminar flow?

A

requires more energy to pump (in terms of pressure)

often

51
Q

Reynolds number

A

dimensionless number that predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent

52
Q

Reynolds number =

A

(density of blood)(diameter of blood vessel)(velocity of blood flow)/ viscosity of blood

53
Q

2000

A

if reynold’s is above 2000, blood flow will be turb

if reynolds is below 2000, blood flow will be laminar

54
Q

Increasing what 3 factors will increase Reynold’s number?

A

density of the blood
diameter of the blood vessel
velocity of the blood

55
Q

Decrease what factor will increase Reynold’s number

A

viscosity of the blood

56
Q

bruits

A

heart sounds made when reynold’s is turbulent

57
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

lesions

58
Q

Compliance of bloodvessels

A

how much the vessel can expand in response to a given chance in lumen hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

compliance =

A

(change in volume)/(change in pressure)

60
Q

compliance of arteries vs veins

A

vein > arteries

C = V/P

61
Q

What kind of compensation does an old artery need in order to hold the same volume as a young artery?

A

it has to have more pressure

62
Q

Diacrotic notch

A

is a slight dip in aortic pressure below systole when the aortic valve closes. closure produces momentary retrograde movement of blood back toward valve, causing pressure dip.

63
Q

Pulse pressure

A

the pressure difference between systole and diastole

64
Q

mean arterial pressure =

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

65
Q

increasing smooth muscle causes

A

shift in compliance, moving blood from veins to arterial side and increasing pressure

compliance itself doesnt really change but shifts curve downward

66
Q

lesions of the arteries will cause

A

decrease in compliance = pressures in the arteries will be increased

67
Q

compliance is determined by the _____ pressure

A

pulse pressure , which is the difference is between diastole and systole

68
Q

Equation for

Velocity

Resistance

Reynold’s number

Blood flow

compliance

A

v = Q/A

R = (L * viscosity * 8)/(pi r^4) so think R = 1/ r^4

Reynolds = (Density * Velocity * diameter of vessel)/viscosity of blood

Q = deltaP/R

Compliance = V/P

69
Q

effect of aortic stenosis on arterial pressure

A

causes a decreases in aortic pressure

70
Q

effect of arteriosclerosis on arterial pressure

A

increases pressure

71
Q

how would an increase in resistance effect the pulse pressure?

A

it wouldnt change, but the mean pressure would increase

72
Q

Swansgans catheter

A

put in the jugular vein, goes

vein —> right atria –> right ventricle —> pulmonary artery: balloon opens here

tells us pressure in left atrium, left ventricle but actually a little bit greater than left ventricle pressure

Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (21 decks)

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