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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Cole: Vascular System Histology > Flashcards

Cole: Vascular System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Large Veins: Typical Feature, causes of varicose veins, causes of hemorrhoids, thormbosis vs embolus

A

Typically have valves to prevent reflux of blood

varicose veins occur when valves don’t close properly

hemorrhoids are dilations of the internal or external rectal venous plexuses.

thrombosis is an aggregate of RBCs in the veins
embolus is when the thrombosis begins sending out aggregates of RBCs

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2
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of our blood vessels

causes changes in the wall of blood vessels, including thickening, weakening, narrowing and scarring

changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage

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3
Q

Vascular development: what two ways to blood vessels form?

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

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4
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

blood vessels arise from coalescence of hemangioblasts which arise from blood islands

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5
Q

Angiogensis

A

vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

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6
Q

major vessels form through

A

vasculogenesis

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7
Q

Early vasculogenesis

begins in what region of the fetus….
when?
then what?

A

begins in XE splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

week 3

formation THEN moves into lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

Early vasculogenesis: site of blood islands

A

yolk sac

first site of blood sac formation

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9
Q

Blood islands

A

arise from mesoderm cells that are induced to form hemangioblasts, common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation

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10
Q

Early erythropoiesis occurs in the

A

yolk sac

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11
Q

Blood islands: what are they made from, what do they develop into

A

in yolk sac. they contain hemangioblasts and contain two different cell populations

hemangioblasts 1: angioblasts (vascular precursors) form endothelial cells

hemangioblasts 2: hematopoietic stem cell

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12
Q

FGF2

A

binds to mesenchymal cells (mitogen) –> hemangioblasts

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13
Q

VEGF

A

may be expressed in response to HOXB5 which upregulates VEGF receptor FLK1

vascular endothelial growth factor elicits regional change in blood islands (2 receptors)

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14
Q

FLK1

A

receptor for VEGF, induced by HOXB5 to be induced

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15
Q

VEGFR1

A

induces tube formation

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16
Q

VEGFR2

A

induces hemangioblast formation

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17
Q

Central cells in the blood islands become

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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18
Q

Peripheral cells differentiate into

A

angioblasts —> endothelium of blood vessels

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19
Q

Angiogenesis:

Angeiopoietin 1

A

so once nascent vascular bed is established through VEGF signaling, angiopoietin 1 interacts with receptor Tie2

this recruits periendothelial cells (pericytes) to smooth muscle cells in large vessels to organize mature blood vessels

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20
Q

Ang1

A

Angipoietin 1 interacts with Tie1 to cause periendothelial cells (pericytes)

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21
Q

Ang2

A

Angiopoietin 2

interacts with tie2 to induce losee of contact of endothelial cells with ECM. this causes absence of growth of endothelial cells or their death

Ang2 is an increasing target for cancer treatment

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22
Q

What do blood islands do in vasculogenesis?

A

they fuse together to form primary capillary plexus

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23
Q

Once blood circulation is established -

A 
primary plexi are remodelled into hierarchical network of 
Arterioles 
Arteries 
Capillaries 
Venules 
Veins
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24
Q

SHH from the Notochord induces

A

VEGF

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25
Q

VEGF induced by SHH from the notochord does what

A

induces NOTCH pathway, which specifies arterial development through expression of ephrin2 (ligand)

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26
Q

EPHB4

A

gene specific for controlling venous development

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27
Q

PROX1

A

Master gene for lymphatic vessel differentiation

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28
Q

AGM

A

Aorta-gonad-mesonephros region

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29
Q

Definitive hematopoietic stem cells develop where

A

AGM

site surrounding the aorta near the developing mesonephric kidney

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30
Q

hematopoietic stem cells eventually…

A

colonize the liver, which becomes the major hematopoietic organ of the embry (2-7 months)

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31
Q

2-7 months hematopoiesis occurs in –

7 months >, hematopoiesis occurs in the —

A

liver, then bone

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32
Q

Hemangioma

A

abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels

common tumors in infancy (10%)

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33
Q

Naevus flammeus

A

Port Wine Stain

superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin

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34
Q

Cardiac Wall consists of

A

three layers

1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium

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35
Q

Endocardium

A

the inner most layer that sits under an epithelia

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36
Q

Myocardium

A

a functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming three major types of cardiac muscle:
atrial muscle
ventricular muscle
specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers

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37
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral layer of the pericardium

low friction surface lined by a mesothelium in contact with the parietal pericardial space

38
Q

Cardiocytes

A

contractile: contract to move blood
myoendocrine: produces atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Nodal: specialized to regulate contraction of the heart (SA and AV nodes)

39
Q

Arteries do what two things

A

pump blood from the heart and store blood

40
Q

3 major layers of an artery

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

41
Q

Tunica externa

A
  1. outermost layer: tunica Adventitia
  2. composed of a loose CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers
  3. helps anchor the vessel to other tissues
  4. an external elastic lamina can be seen separating the tunica media from adventitia

has vasa vasorum

42
Q

tunica media

A

middle later

composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells

vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessel lumen)

vasodilation: widening of the blood vessel lumen

43
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost layer of a blood vessel wall
composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer
external layer of elastic fibers, the internal elastic lamina

44
Q

Arteries from the heart can be classified into three groups

A

large elastic
medium sized
small arteries and arterioles

45
Q

Large Elastic (conducting) arteries: two major characteristics

A
  1. they receive blood from the heart under high pressure

2. they keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

46
Q

Which arteries distend during systole and recoil during diastole?

A

large elastic arteries

47
Q

Tunica Intima consists of the

A

endothelium and the subendothelial connective tissue

48
Q

large fenestrated sheaths are found in the

A

tunica media

fenestrated sheaths with bundles of smooth muscle cells permeating the narrow gaps between the elastic lamellae

49
Q

Vasa Vasorum and Nervi varosum are located in the

A

tunica adventitia of large elastic arteries

as well as lymphatics

50
Q

what major vessels constitute large elastic arteries

A

the aorta and its largest branches (brachiocephalic trunk, common carotids, subclavian, common iliac arteries)

51
Q

muscular/distributing arteries: the layers

tunica intima
media
externa

A

tunica intima consist of three

1) endothelia
2) subendothelia
3) internal elastic lamina (IEL)

junction of tunica adventitia and media there’s a fenestrated external elastic lamina

52
Q

tunica media’s “transitional” character in muscular/distributing arteries can be described how?

A

a major reduction in the elastic component and an increase in the smooth muscle component

53
Q

“medium” sized arteries =

A

radial, tibial, popliteal, axillary, splenic, mesenteric, intercostal arteries

54
Q

arterioles are considered the

A

real determinants of systemic blood pressure

55
Q

arterioles regulate

A

distribution of blood to capillary beds

56
Q

arterioles can both

A

vasoconstrict and vasodilate, and partially constriction

57
Q

arterioles possess a

A

internal elastic lamina and a layer of endothelial cells

58
Q

microcirculation bed is composed of

A

Terminal arteriole (and metaarteriole), the capillary bed, and postcapillary venules

59
Q

capillary bed in a microcirculation contains a number of different capillaries

A

1) large capillaries: called PREFERENTIAL or Thoroughfare Channels
2) Small capillaries called True capillaries

60
Q

Preferential/Thoroughfare channels

A

here, blood is continuous

61
Q

True capillaries

A

blood flow is intermittent

62
Q

the functional unit of the cardiovascular system is called the

A

CAPILLARY

63
Q

diameter of a capillary

A

5-10 micrometers

64
Q

how many layers does a capillary have?

A

only the tunica intima, but this layer consists of the basement membrane and endothelium only

65
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

lined by an endothelium, tight junctions, and basement lamina with pericytes

66
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

have pores or fenestrae (GI & kidney)

67
Q

sinusoids

A

discontinuous capillaries. gaps in endothelia and basal lamina.

found in liver and spleen

68
Q

what kind of capillary would you find in the GI and kidney?

A

fenestrated

69
Q

what kind of capillary would you find in the liver and spleen?

A

sinusoid

70
Q

veins are “reservoir vessels” what is another name for this

A

capacitance

71
Q

What is the preferred site of blood cell migration into tissues?

A

postcapillary venules via diapedesis

72
Q

veins are “reservoir vessels” what is another name for this

A

capacitance

73
Q

why do veins have a high capacitance

A

because of their high distensibility

74
Q

tunics in veins

A

distinction between TM and TA is not clear

muscular tunica media is thinner than in arteries.
smooth muscle cells have an irregular orientation

distinct elastic lamina is not seen

MT is thinner than in arteries, and smooth muscle cells and have irregular orientation approximately circular

typical characteristic of veins is the presence of valves to prevent reflux of blood

75
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

dilations of the internal or external rectal venous plexuses

76
Q

varicose veins

A

occurs when valves in the veins don’t close appropriately

77
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels

causes thickening, weakening, scarring, narrowing

changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage

78
Q

varicose veins

A

occurs when valves in the veins don’t close appropriately

79
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels

causes thickening, weakening, scarring, narrowing

changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage

80
Q

Vasculitis of large sized vessels

A

chronic inflammation infiltrates arterial wall, a thrombus obliterates vascular lumen

“Takayasu’s arteries”

81
Q

Vasculitis of medium sized vessels

A

Burger’s disease –> symptoms like Takayasu’s arteries

Polyarteries nodosa —> perivascular chronic inflammatory reaction

Fibrinoid necrosis of the tinuca intima predisposes to thrombosis

82
Q

Lymphatic vessels begin as

A

dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to blood capillaries and collect tissue fluid (lymph)

83
Q

where are lymphatics lacking?

A

cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS and placenta

84
Q

Lymphatic vessels begin as

A

dilated tubes with closed ends in porximity to blood capillaries and collect tissue fluid (lymph)

85
Q

Lymphangions

A

valves that divide each segment of a lymphatic vessel

this helps it behave like an automatic pump

86
Q

Intrinsic and Extrinsic contraction of lymph vessels

A

intrinsic: when vessels expand they retract
extrinsic: outside vessel structures like muscle and vasculature helps further lymph fluid

87
Q

lymphedema

A

caused by defect in the transport of lymph because of abnormal vessel development

88
Q

chylous ascites and chylothorax

A

caused by the accumulation of high fat containing fluid or chyle in the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma
obstruction
or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels

89
Q

chylous ascites and chylothorax

A

caused by the accumulation of high fat containing fluid or chyle in the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma
obstruction
or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels

90
Q

Endothelial cell mediated regulation of blood flow

A

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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (21 decks)

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