Old stuff Flashcards
What is clinical psychology?
the science of human behavior applied to real-world concerns with mental health and well being
What is conformation bias
look for things that support your initial opioni
What are the 3 key features of a good theory?
- integrates knowledge
- generates novel predictions
- predictions are open to being disproved
assessment is a process of ____ _____
hypothesis testing
What 3 psychometric characteristics determine the quality of an assessment tool?
Reliability: the degree to which a measure is consistent
Validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure
Standardization: application of standards to ensure consistency of measurement
What are limitations of a clinical interview
- resistance from the client
- selective info provided by the client
- can be subjectiveq
Pros and cons of single subject design
Pro:
- intensive assessment and high internal validity
Cons:
- limited generalizability
Define - inter-rater reliability
reliability btwn 2 clincians
Define - test-rest reliability
consistent results when administer the same test twice to same person
Define - internal relibility
different parts of the test give similar results
Define - alternate form reliability
2 versions of the test give similar results
What are the 5 validities
- Face validity = measure what its supposed to
- Content validity = covers breadth of symptoms
- Predictive validity = test predicts the behavior it measure
- Concurrent validity = gives same results as similar measures of behavior, thoughts, emotion
- Construct validity = measures what its supposed to
What is anxiety?
- future-oriented mood state characterized by marked negative affect
- somatic symptoms of tension
- apprehension about future danger or misfortune
- behavioral inhibition system
What are the characteristics of an anxiety disorder?
- maladaptive
- pervasive, persistent anxiety/fear
- excessive avoidance/escape tendencies
- significant distress/impairment caused by symptoms and avoidance
- avoidance perpetuates the disorder
What is Panic Disorder - DSM
A) unexpected panic attacks
B) one month or more of:
- concern about additional attacks or worry about consequences
- change in behavior related to attacks
C) panic not due to medical condition or drugs
D) distinction from other anxiety/mental disorders
E) Clinically sig distress
What is Agoraphobia - definition
A) fear/anxiety about 2+ of sits:
- public transpo
- open spaces
- closed spaces
- standing in line /crowd
- being outside of home alone
B) concerns about escape, obtaining help, or negative consequences
C) situations consistently provoke fear
D) avoidance
Describe GAD
A) excessive uncontrollable anxious apprehension and worry about life events in several areas
B) difficulty controlling worry
C) 3+ symptoms
- restlessnes, on edge
- easily fatigues
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbances
Specific Phobias
A) Marked fear of a phobic object
B) phobic object consistently evokes fear
C) Fear is out of proportion
Describe SAD
A) marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Extreme, irrational fear/shyness in social and/or performance situations
- fear of embarrassment/humiliation
Describe OCD
- obsessions = intrusive, recurring thoughts
- compulsions = repetitive behaviors or mental actions to reduce anxiety associated with thoughts
What are the 3 types of Trauma and stress related disorders
PTSD = trauma > 1 month after
Acute stress disorder = trauma < 1 month after
Adjustment disorder = life stressor
PTSD - DSM
A) exposure to a traumatic event
B) intrusion symptoms
C) avoidance
D) negative alterations in cognition/mood
E) increased arousal/reactivity
Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions - DSM
*** Must have diagnosis of a medical condition
1. psychological factors influence course of disease
2. Psychological factor interferes with treatment
3. Psychological factor poses additional risk
4. Psychological factor influences pathology
What part of the brain does chronic stress affect?
hippocampus
Somatic Symptom Disorder - DSM
A. 1+ somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life
B. excessive thoughts, feelings, behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated with health concerns as manifested by 1+ of v:
- disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms
-persistently high level of anxiety about health symptoms
- excessive time and energy devoted to those symptoms or health concerns
C) State of being symptomatic must persist more than 6+ mo
What is dissociative disorder?
- severe maladaptive disruptions or alterations of identity, memory, and consciousness that are experienced as being beyond one’s control
- alters, switching
What increases risk of substance disorder
- genetics
- genes related to neurotransmitters (GABA and dopamine
- changes in dopamine transmission and reward system
- personality
Positive reinforcement
- observer is likely to repeat a behavior
get something good
Negative reinforcement
- make less likely to repeat behavior
- give punishment like yell
Positive punishment
- decrease behavior
- add a consequence
APD - define
- A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, since age 15 as indicated by 3+ of the following
- failure to conform to social norms concerning lawful behaviors
- deceitfulness, repeated lying, uses of aliases, conning others for pleasure
- impulsivity or failure to plan
- irritability and aggressiveness
- reckless disregard for the safety of others
- lack of remorse
essential everyone with ____ has ASPD but not everyone with ASPD has _______
essential everyone with __psychopathy__ has ASPD but not everyone with ASPD has __psychopathy_____
What are the levels of depressotypic cognitions
Core beliefs/schema
->
intermediary beliefs/assumptions
->
Automatic thoughts
Define pedophilic disorder
a sustained focused and intense pattern of sexual arousal - as manifested by persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviors - involving pre-pubertal children
Negative punishment
- remove pleasant stimulus
- decrease behavior
