Offender Profiling: The Bottom-up Approach

Question 1

unlike the US top-down approach, the British bottom-up model does

Answer 1

not begin with fixed tyeologys

Question 2

bottom-up is

Answer 2

data driven and emerges as the investigator rigorously scrutinises the details about a particular offence

Question 3

the aim of the bottom-up approach is to

Answer 3

generate a picture of the offenders characteristics, routines and background through analysis of the evidence

Question 4

statistical procedures detect patterns of behaviors that are

Answer 4

likely to occur across crime scenes

Question 5

they look for patterns of behavior because this generates a

Answer 5

statistical database which then acts as a baseline for comparison

Question 6

features of an offence can be

Answer 6

matched against this database to suggest potentially important details about the offender

Question 7

a center concept is interpersonal coherence

Answer 7

the way an offender behaves at the scene may reflect their behavior in everyday situations.

Question 8

understanding someones interpersonal coherence

Answer 8

might tell the police something about how the offender relates to women

Question 9

the locations of crime scenes are used to

Answer 9

infer the likely home or operational base of the offender and their modus operandi

Question 10

what is a modus operandi?

Answer 10

someones habitual way of working

Question 11

the assumption is that offenders restrict their

Answer 11

crimes to areas that they are familiar with

Question 12

Canter and Larkin date

Answer 12

1993

Question 13

what did Canter and Lankin propose?

Answer 13

they proposed two models of offender behavior

Question 14

what are the two models proposed by Canter and Lankin?

Answer 14

The Marauder

The Commuter

Question 15

The Marauder

Answer 15

operates close to their home base

Question 16

The Commuter

Answer 16

Likely to have traveled a distance away from their usual residence when committing a crime

Question 17

Canter and Larkin suggest that the pattern of offending locations is likely to form

Answer 17

a circle around the offenders usual residence and this becomes more apparent the more the offences there are

Question 18

the offenders spatial decision making can provide insight into

Answer 18

the nature of the offender

Question 19

Canter and Heritage date

Answer 19

1990

Question 20

what did Canter and Heritage do?

Answer 20

they did a contextual analysis of 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis

Question 21

what did Canter and Heritage identify?

Answer 21

several characteristics that were common in most cases

Question 22

identifying characteristics can lead to an

Answer 22

understanding of how an offenders behavior may change or establishing whether two or more offences were committed by the same person

Question 23

Canter and Heritage findings support the usefulness of investigative psychology because

Answer 23

it shows how statistical techniques can be applied

Question 24

Lundrigan and Canter date

Answer 24

2001

Question 25

what did Lundrigan and Canter do?

Answer 25

collected information from 120 murder cases involving serial killers in the US

Question 26

what did Lundrigan and Canter find?

Answer 26

smallest space analysis revealed spatial consistency in the behavior of killers

Question 27

Lungdrigan and Canter - the location of each body disposal site was plotted and a

Answer 27

center of gravity was identified

Question 28

what is a center of gravity?

Answer 28

the offenders base was invariably in the center of the pattern

Question 29

a center of gravity is common for which type of offender?

Answer 29

marauders

Question 30

Lundrigan and Canter support Canters claim that

Answer 30

spatial information can be a key factor in determining the base of an offender

Question 31

Canter argues that the bottom-up approach is more

Answer 31

objective and scientific than the top-down approach

Question 32

investigators can use geographical, biographical and psychological data to

Answer 32

quickly produce data and assist in the investigation.

Question 33

investigative psychology has also expanded to include areas like

Answer 33

suspect interviewing and examination of material presented in court

Question 34

examining the material presented in court supports its use in the

Answer 34

judicial process

Question 35

the bottom-up approach can be applied to

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a range of offences while the top-down approach can’t

Question 36

techniques can be used in the investigation

Answer 36

smallest space analysis

principle of spatial consistency

Question 37

despite many successes of the bottom-up approach

Answer 37

there have been many significant failures

Question 38

Copson date

Answer 38

1995

Question 39

Copson surveyed

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48 police forces

Question 40

Copson - advice provided by the profiler was judged useful in

Answer 40

83% of cases but led to an accurate identification in just 3% of weddings