Biological Explanations: Genetic and Neural Explanations Flashcards

1
Q

Lange date

A

1930

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2
Q

Lange studied

A

13 MZ and 17 DZ twins where one of the twins had been sent to prison

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3
Q

Lange - ten of the MZ twins had a co-twin who was also in prison but

A

this was only true for two of the DZ twins

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4
Q

Crowe date

A

1972

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5
Q

Crowe found that adopted children who had a biological parent with a criminal record had a

A

50% greater risk of a criminal record by the age of 18

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6
Q

Crowe also found that adopted children whose mother didn’t have a criminal record only had a

A

5% risk

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7
Q

Tiihonen et al

A

2014

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8
Q

Tiihonen et al conducted a genetic analysis of

A

900 offenders

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9
Q

Tiihonen et al found

A

two genes that may be associated with violent crime

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10
Q

what are the two genes that Tiihonen et al identified?

A

The MAOA gene.

The CDH13 gene.

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11
Q

having a weakness in both the MAOA gene and the CDH13 gene led to individuals being

A

13 times more likely to have a history of violence

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12
Q

if genes have an influence on offending,

A

this influence is likely to be at least partly moderated by environmental factors

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13
Q

a tendency to criminal behavior may come about through a combination of

A

Genetic predisposition.

A biological or psychological stressor or trigger

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14
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

there may be neural differences in the brains of criminals and non-criminals

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15
Q

antisocial personality disorder is associated with

A

Lack of empathy

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16
Q

many criminals suffer with

A

antisocial personality disorder

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17
Q

Raine et al date

18
Q

Raine et al found an

A

11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in the in the prefrontal cortex of people with antisocial personality disorder compared to a control

19
Q

the prefrontal cortex controls

A

emotional behavior

20
Q

Keysers date

21
Q

Keysers found that only when criminals were asked to emphesise

A

they showed an empathy reaction

22
Q

because antisocial personality disorder do show emotions

A

this shows that sufferers are capable of emotion but they have a switch which turns them on and off

23
Q

in a normal functioning brain, the switch is always

24
Q

Lange research was

A

poorly controlled

25
most twins are raised
in the same environment so concordance rates may be due to shared learning experiences rather then genetics
26
methodological issues such as confounding variables mean
twin studies of criminality may lack validity
27
Mednick et al date
1984
28
Mednick et al studied
13,000 Danish adoptees and criminality
29
Mednick et al found that when neither the biological nor adoptive parents had convictions
only 13.5% received a conviction during their lifetime
30
the percentage rose when either of the parents had a conviction
20%
31
the percentage rose further when both of the parents had a conviction
24.5%
32
Mednick et al percentages
Neither parents - 13.5% Either parents - 20% Both parents - 24.5%
33
Madnick et al conclusion
the data suggests that both genetic inheritance and environment can influence criminality
34
Madnick et al conclusion means that the results support
the diathesis-stress model of crime
35
adoption studies are complicated by the fact that
many children experience late adoption
36
some children taken away from their parents still remain
in contact with them
37
because children can be taken away later and can still stay in contact with their biological children
it makes it difficult to assess the environmental impact that the biological parents might of had
38
criminality is complex
explanations that reduce offending behavior to a genetic or neural level ignore higher levels of explanations
39
crime runs in families but so does
Poverty. Deprivation. Mental illness.
40
because things like crime and poverty run through families, it makes it difficult to
disentangle the effects of genes and neural influences from other factors
41
because its difficult to disentangle genes and neural influences from other factors, it indicates that
genetic and neural explanations in isolation are too simplistic