Dealing with Offending Behavior: Behavior Modification Flashcards
Behaviourist approach
Undesirable behaviours can be unlearned
The behaviourist approach proposes that behaviour is learnt
It should be possible to unlearn behaviour using the same principles
Behaviour modification programmes are designed with the aim of
Reinforcing obedient behaviour whilst punishing disobedience in the hope that it dies out
Token economy
Tokens are given to reinforce desirable behaviours
Token economy systems are managed by
Prison staff to modify the behaviour of inmates
What is the token economy system based off?
Operant conditioning
Desirable inmates behaviours are
Rewarded (reinforced) with tokens
Desirable behaviours might include
Avoiding conflict, being quiet in the cell and following rules
Tokens are not rewarding in themselves but rewarding because
They can be exchanged for something desirable
The reward will vary according to the
Institution
Potential rewards include
A phone call
Time in the gym or the exercise yard
Extra cigarettes or food
Rewards such as phone calls to loved ones or food are
Primary reinforcers
Tokens are secondary reinforcers because they drive their
Value from their association with a primary reinforcer
Behaviours and rewards would be made clear
To the prisoners beforehand
If the prisoner is disobedient then
Tokens and rewards can be removed
When designing a behaviour modification programme
Desirable behaviour is identified, its broken down into small steps and a baseline measure is established
All of those that come into contact with offenders must
Follow the same regime of selective reinforcement
If the prison staff decide to give tokens for a tidy room
They must do this consistently and not give tokens if the prisoners room doesn’t meet the standard
Behaviour modification does not need
Specialist professionals as other treatments do
It is also cost effective and
Easy to follow once the programme is designed
Bassett and Blanchard Date
1977
Bassett and Blanchard found any benefits were
Lost after inconsistent staff application, lack of training or high staff turnover
Blackburn Date
1993
Blackburn argued that positive changes in prison may
Quickly be lost when the offender is released - token economy cannot be maintained outside of prison
Positive changes in inmates is lost because law abiding behaviour is
Not always reinforced on the outside
Because token economy systems cannot be maintained outside of the prison environment
They are limited in value
The conditions of behaviour modification are regarded as
Manipulative and dehumanising by some
Participation in token economy is
Often obligatory for offenders rather than optional
An offender who decides not to comply with the scheme looses
Privileges which is ethically questionable
Behaviour modification encourages
Passive learning and focuses on surface behaviours
Offenders can simply play along with
The token economy system to access rewards but this leads to little change in their overall principles
Field et al Date
2004
Field et al examined a token economy programme for young people with behavioural problems
It was generally effective but a number of young people didn’t respond to the programme
