OFAs, Retinoids, Nutrition, Steroidogenesis

Question 1

Structurally, what defines and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid

Answer 1

Omega-3 = double bond between carbons 3-4

Omega-6 = double bond between carbons 6-7

Question 2

Why are are omega fatty acids considered “essential” fatty acids

Answer 2

Not synthesized by the body

Question 3

Name 2 omega-6 OFAs

Answer 3

Lineoleic acid
Arachidonic acid

Question 4

Name 2 omega-3 OFAs

Answer 4

Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Question 5

T or F: Arachidonic acid is essential in cat diets

Answer 5

TRUE.

But dogs can synthesize

Question 6

T or F: Lineoleic acid is essential in both dog and cat diets True

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Function of DHA in growing puppies

Answer 7

Develop neurologic tissues
Retinal development
Cognitive function

Question 8

Are omega-6 or omega-3 FAs more inflammatory?

Answer 8

Omega-6

Arachidonic acid (precursor for prostaglandins, leukotrienes) is an O-6 FA

Question 9

How do omega-3 FAs offer antiinflammatory effects

Answer 9

EPA, DHA are transformed to resolvins, protectins

Which are antiinflammatory

Question 10

What are resolvins, protectins

Answer 10

Products of EPA, DHA

Antiinflammatory

Question 11

Enzyme to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone

Answer 11

Cytochrome p450

Question 12

Enzyme to convert pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

Answer 12

17-alpha hydroxylase

Necessary to make cortisol, sex hormones

Question 13

Enzyme to convert 17-hydroxypregenenolone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone

Answer 13

3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Trilostane inhibits this

Question 14

Final product of 17-hydroxyprogesterone

Answer 14

Cortisol

Question 15

T or F: Retinoids are lipophilic

Answer 15

True

Vitamin A = fat soluble vitamin (KADE)

Question 16

2 retinoid receptors

Answer 16

-All trans retinoic acid receptor (RAR)
-9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR

Question 17

Which medication interacts with retinoids

Answer 17

Ketoconazole
(Cytochrome p450 meds)

Question 18

How are retinoids antiproliferative

Answer 18

Induce EGF –> desquamation

Question 19

How do retinoids help with wound healing

Answer 19

Fibroblast stimulation
TGF

Question 20

Impact of retinoids on hair cycle

Answer 20

Inhibitor of hair growth

Question 21

Monitoring for retinoids

Answer 21

STT
Liver values
Increased triglycerides

Pruritus

Question 22

Why do cats need to ingest arachidonic acid

Answer 22

No delta-6-desaturase

Question 23

Gene causing Bovine Hereditary Zinc Deficiency

Answer 23

Lethal A46

Question 24

Gene associated with zinc deficiency in Fleckvieh calves

Answer 24

PLD4

Question 25

What can inhibit zin absorption in GI tract (2)

Answer 25

Calcium Phytate

Question 26

Breed with Zinc deficiency associated with SLC93A4 mutation

Answer 26

Pharoah hounds

Question 27

Other name for ergocalciferol

Answer 27

Vitamin D2

Question 28

Other name for cholecalciferol

Answer 28

Vitamin D3

Question 29

What stimulates production of vitamin D

Answer 29

PTH

Question 30

What inhibits production of vitamin D

Answer 30

Ca Phos

Question 31

What in diet provides Vitamin D2

Answer 31

Plants Cats do NOT metabolize vitamin D2. Need D3 from meat

Question 32

What in diet provides vitamin D3

Answer 32

Meats

Question 33

T or F: dogs and cats can synthesize vitamin D from skin

Answer 33

False. Need from diet. Humans CAN do this

Question 34

Vitamin D metabolism pathway

Answer 34

Ingested as Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) Metabolized (hydroxylated) in liver to 25,hydroxy vitamin D3 Then metabolized in kidney (via 1-alpha hydroxylate) to 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calctriol), active form

Question 35

What causes hypocuprosis in cattle, sheep

Answer 35

Molybdenum poisoning -- interferes with absorption of copper Red discoloration to hair

Question 36

What causes white muscle disease in farm animals

Answer 36

Deficiency in selenium, vitamin E Clinical signs = Dyspnea, weakness, tremors, arrhythmias. White streaks in skeletal and cardiac muscle