Exotics Flashcards
How many times per year do psittacines molt
Every 2 years or poorly defined
How many times per year do migratory birds molt
2x/year
How many times per year do most species of birds molt
1x/year
5 causes of abnormal molts in birds
1) Nutritional defects
2) Stress/fear
3) Reduction of light period
4) Ectoparasites
5) Hypothyroidism: retardation of feather growth
Which nutritional deficits can lead to abnormal molting in birds
Inadequate protein
Vitamin A (all seed diets)
Beta carotene
Riboflavin
Which type of diet commonly leads to deficits in vitamin A in birds
All seed diets
What occurs secondary to any change /diminishment in feather quality in birds
Plucking behavior to remove the inferior feathers
What are 2 risk factors for feather destructive behavior in African Greys
1) Increasing sleep hours
2) Length of ownership
What are 3 risk feators for feather destructive behaviros in cockatoos
1) Pet shop origin
2) Cage location against 1+ walls
3) 1+ owner vacations per year
Why do birds have linear featherless regions during molt
Naturally, there areas with no feathers between feather tracts
BUT only visible during molt
T or F: Birds are likely to feather pluck MORE if you have food readily available for them
TRUE!
Make it harder for them to get food to mimic foraging behavior
Put food in slightly challenging-to-open containiners
Medications for separation anxiety in birds
Clomipramine or fluoxetine
Combine with behavioral modification training
T or F: A dominant bird may pluck a subordinate
True
T or F: Hand reared birds may feather pluck due to sexual frustration
True. Can start as early as 6 months old
Cockatoos, lovebirds, African Greys
Only biting louse that affects birds
Mallophaga
Sign of poor husbandry
Easy to see on plumage
Causative agent of “scaly leg” in canaries and “scaly face” in budgerigars (beak malformations)
Knemidocoptes
Affect non-feathered areas (legs, beak)
Life cycle ENTIRELY ON BIRD
Chicken parasite that can attack mammals (like humans)
Darmanyssus
When do Dermanyssus feed on birds
Night
Free-living
Breed in the cage or environment during the day
How to diagnose Dermanyssus
White sheet over cage – see red mites on it in the AM
Feather mite species in Budgerigars (2)
1) Protolichus lunula on wing/tail feathers
2) Dubininia melopsittaci on smaller body feathers
Not usually an issue unless heavy infestation (husbandry problems)
Harpyrhynchid serini affects which species of bird
Canaries
Attach to feather base, can cause hyperkeratotic epidermal cysts
Which ectoparasitocide is TOXIC TO BIRDS
Imidacloprid (Advantage)
Which ectoparasitocide should NOT be given to finches
Ivermectin
What ARE appropriate ecroparasitocides in birds
Fipronyl (Frontline)
Selamectin (Revolution)
Isoxazoline
Do NOT soak bird with spray
Which ENDOparasite has been associated with pruritus in budgerigars, lovebirds, and cockatiels
Giardia
What is the best treatment for atopic dermatitis in large psyttachines
Unknown. AD likely exists, but no tested treatments
Biggest environmental factor that can lead to poor quality feathers –> plucking
Low humidity (central heat turned up)
Psittacines are rain forest birds
Environmental factors that can lead to pruritus or poor feather quality –> plucking
1) Tobacco smoke
2) Aerosols
3) Building dust
4) Low humidity
5) Lack of bathing opportunities
6) Abnormal photoperiods (not enough dark time)
A bird starts feather plucking after getting a new cage or toy. What is the most likely cause
Heavy metal toxicity
Lead, zinc, copper, iron
Cause of liver disease that can lead to pruritus in birds
Chlamydophila infection
2 Bacteria isolated from birds, which cause folliculitis/pulpitis
1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Staphylococcus intermedius
Body site on birds with broad anti-microbial properties
Uropygial gland secretions
Which antimicrobial medication is toxic to Grey parrots
Itraconazole
Body regions affected by Candida, Dermatophytes, Malassezia
Candida: vent, head
Dermatophytes: patchy feather loss on head, neck, breast
Malassezia: unknown pruritus
Etiology of “feather dusters” and “straw feathers” in Budgerigars
Genetic abnormalities
Curly, overgrown feathers
Also called chrysanthymum feathering
T or F: Birds may pluck feathers over a site of skin cancer
True
DNA virus causing Psittacine Beak and Feather disease
Circovirus
Can persist in environment for 1 year
Which birds are most likely to contract Circovirus
Young birds
Old World Psittacines
Clinical signs of Circovirus in birds
Dystrophic feathers
In chronic form: lack of powder down, pulp cavity hemorrhage, feather fracture, hyperkeratosis, beak overgrowth, oral ulcerations + secondary infections
How to diagnose Circovirus in birds
PCR on blood or pulpy feathers
Severe leukopenia in peracute dz
Treatment = supportive care
Which bird species may have a less severe course of Circovirus
Lorikeets
Full recovery possible
Which DNA virus causes neonatal death in Budgerigars, but reduced down/contour feathers in those that survive (“French moulters”, “Creepers”)
Polyoma virus
LESS COMMON than Psittacine Beak and Feather disease (Circovirus) in non-Budgie birds
Birds that develop polyoma virus
Very young birds only
Budgerigars, psittacines, finches
Passerines - acute death
Diagnosis of polyoma virus
PCR
Psittacine PCR does NOT work in finches
Clinical signs of Poxvirus in birds
Cutaneous form: Nodules, papules, vesicles
Discolored, pruritic, secondary infected
Can also affect oral cavity, trachea –> speticemia
Bird species most likely to get cutaneous form of poxvirus
Songbirds, raptors
Feet, eyes, face
Common sequelae of poxvirus in Canaries and finches
Skin lesions AND severe pulmonary complications
T or F: The cutaneous form of Poxvirus is self limiting in Amazon parrots
True
T or F: The diptheric (oral+tracheal) form of poxvirus is fatal in Amazon parrots
True
Diagnosis of poxvirus in birds
Histopath or cytology
Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies = Bollinger bodies
Bollinger bodies are associated with what bird infectious disease
Poxvirus
Vector for poxvirus in birds
insect vectors
pest control = important
Which virus causes benign epithelial tumorsin birds
Papilloma virus
Cloaca, oral cavity, skin
Surgery vs possible spontaneous remission
What pigment is present in psittacines
Psittacofulvins
Similar to carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in other bird species
How to perform a punch biopsy in birds
Tape the skin to prevent rolling of your sample
Biopsy THROUGH the tape
Which bird species is prone to high cholesterol, atherosclerosis
Psittacines
DO NOT FEED ALL SEED DIETs (high in fat, low in everything else)
Which plant is poisonous to birds
Avocados
Contain persin (cardiotoxin)
Which reptiles are predisposed to dermatologic lesions
Pythons, boa constrictors
Term for abnormal shedding of skin
Dysecdysis
Causes of dysecdysis (abnormal shedding of skin) (7)
1) Poor husbandry
2) Ectoparasitism (Ophionyssus natricis)
3) Systemic disease
4) Too cold temperature
5) Improper humidity
6) Poor nutrition
7) Owners pulling off their shed for them too early
What causes ischemia and necrosis of lizard digits, sometimes leading to amputation
Retained skin around the digits
Causative agent of “inclusion body disease” in pythons
Arenavirus
Causes dysecdysis
Which virus is associated with dysecdysis in pythons
Arenavirus
Clinical signs of Ophinoyssus natricis
Pruritus
Dysecdysis
Snakes staying in water
Location on body Ophinoyssus natricis are found (snake, lizard)
Snakes: head, cloaca
Lizard: Axilla, groin, ear drum
Ophinoyssus natricis may be a vector for ______
Aeromonas
Treatment for Ophinoyssus natricis
- Ivermectin oral, spray on animal or environmenta
(DO NOT USE IVERMECTIN IN CHELONIANS) - Moxidectin
- Spray towel with fipronil and wipe snake
- Nexgard
Avoid pyrethroids, organophosphates
Which parasiticide should NOT be used in chelonians
Ivermectin
Which mite (related to Ophinoyssus natricis) can be found on lizards
Ophionyssus lacertinus
T or F: Ophinoyssus natricis can be transmitted to humans
True
Causative agent of yellow fungus disease
Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriessi (CANV)
Reptile that gets Chrysosporium guarroi infections (Related to CANV)
Green iguanas
Species that get CANV infections
Bearded dragons, Chameleons
But any lizard can
Diagnostic tests for CANV (yellow fungus disease)
Culture AND histopathology ideal
+/- DNA sequencing
Treatments for CANV (yellow fungus disease)
Posaconazole, voriconazole are best
Itraconazole may work occasionally
Possibly terbinafine, esp if combined with an azole
T or F: CANV (yellow fungus disease) can affect humans
True
How long do reptiles need to be on antibiotics for?
Often many months (abscesses)
Slow immune systems
Best treatment for bacterial abscesses in reptiles
REMOVAL
(not just lance/drain; they are thick/granulomatous rather than liquid)
Which opportunistic pathogenic bacteria are common in GI tract of reptiles
Pseudomonas
Aeromonas
Salmonella
Sign of sepsis in chelonians
Petichiae
Sign of sepsis in snakes
Ventral “flush”
Which species of reptile has reported Dermatophilus congolensis
Bearded dragons
Causative agent of Devrieseasis in lizards
Devriesea agamarum
Gram stain of Devriesea agamarum
Gram positive
Clinical signs of Devriesea agamarum in reptiles
Chronic proliferative dermatitis and septicemia
SQ abscesses
Treatment for Devriesea agamarum
- Adequate basking temperature
- Systemic antibiotic (Ceftiofur)
- Keeping environment dry
- Clean crusts/debris on lesions
Which antibiotic is Devriesea agamarum RESISTANT to
Fluoroquinolones
T or F: Devriesea agamarum can survive for long periods in moist, cool environments
True
T or F: Heat lamps are an excellent means to provide adequate heat to lizards
FALSE
They cause burns. Reptiles do not realize they are too hot
Treatment of burns in reptiles
Container with no substrate
Topical antibiotic (SSD cream)
Topical vitamin A ointment
Bathe only 3-4x/week
3 common cuases of shell problems in chelonians
1) Too high humidity
2) Bacterial or viral infections
3) Poor nutrition (low calcium)
Which organism causes ulcerative shell disease in chelonians
Beneckea chitinovora
Which organism causes Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD) in chelonians
Citrobacter freundii
Which keratinophilic fungal agent is associated with ulcerative skin and shell disease
AND
Keratin inclusion cysts
Emydomyces testavorans
Which species of chelonian develop discoloration, flaking, erosion/ulcers, and osteonecrosis of their shells secondary to Emydomyces testavorans
Pacific pond turtle
Savannah side-necked turtle
Which species develops rhinitis, paronychia, nail loss, ulcers, excessive shedding, and death secondary to Emydomyces testavorans
Juvenile alligator snapping turtles
Most common cause of blister disease in snakes and lizards
Inappropriate humidity (too high or too low depending on species)
Common causes of blister disease in snakes and lizards
Wrong humidity, bacteria/fungal pathogens, concurrent disease
Clinical signs of blister disease in snakes/ lizards
Vesicles, pustules –> ulcers, necrosis
on ventrum
Treatment of blister disease in snakes/lizards
- Lance blister
- Apply antibiotic ointment, chlorhexidine to ventrum
- put reptile in a separate terrarium without contaminated substrate
Nutritional skin disease causing palpebral edema, aural abscesses in young chelonians
Vitamin A deficiency
Nutritional disease causing stomatitis in chelonians and snakes
Vitamin C deficiency
Nutritional disease resulting in goiters in chelonians, lizards
Iodine deficiency (ingestion of 2’ certain plants)
Cause of steatitis in snakes
Too high fat diet (fish, obese rats)
Unsaturated fatty acid oxidation –> 2’
vitamin E deficiency
Clinical sign of steatitis in snakes
Yellow color to skin
Nodules, inflammation, 2’ infections, sloughing skin
Clinical signs of hypervitaminosis A in reptiles
Sloughing of skin
OR
dry, exudative, thickened skin
T or F: all snakes are carnivores
True
Which species of reptile most commonly develops otitis media
Chelonians
Rare in lizards
Clinical signs of otitis in chelonians
Nodular abscesses on lateral head
Most common bacteria causing otitis media in chelonians
Proteus morganii
Treatment of otitis media in chelonians
Surgical: lance + remove pus
Pack with antibiotic cream
System antibiotics
What is a risk factor for aural abscesses in chelonians
Hypovitaminosis A
Antibiotics ok to use in reptiles
Enrofloxacin (PO or IM)
Ceftazidime (IM)
Pipercillin (IM)
(Treat for 1-9 weeks, slow immune systems)
Causative agent of Chytridiomycosis
in fresh water amphibians
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Fungi
What are remiges
Flight feathers of wings
What are retrices
Flight feathers of tail
What are rhamphotheca
Keratinized epithelial on outer surface of beak, overing upper/lower jaw
What is rhinotheca
Upper beak of jaw
Which is gnathotheca
Lower beak of jaw
Which Ig do birds have with atopic dermatitis
IgY (similar to IgE, but don’t have IgE)
Beak and claw overgrowth in birds is associated with ______ (organ dysfunction)
Hepatopathies
Brittle, hard keratin
r/o toxin exposure
Which bird species has a high mortality with poxvirus
Canaries
Clinical sign of a male budgie with a sertoli cell tumor
Cere turns grey, brown
Will raise leg on affected side
Which bacteria can be associated with pododermatitis in raptors, waterfowl
Staphylococcus aureus
Obesity, lack of exercise, hypovitaminosis A
3 major causes of pruritus in rabbits/rodents
1) Parasites
2) Environment (contact dermatitis w/bedding)
3) Neoplasia
Parasite that causes pruritus (esp ears!) in rabbits
Psoroptes cuniculi
Parasite that causes pruritus in guinea pigs
Trixacarus caviae
Parasite that causes pruritus in rats, hamsters
Notoedres muris
Can form nasal “horns” with the mites inside
Lice in rats, mice
Polyplax spinulosa (rats)
Polyplax serrata (mice)
What is the vector for Mycoplasma (Hemobartonella) muris, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Eperythrozoon coccides
Lice!
Polyplax serrata (mice)
Polyplax spinulosa (rats)
Treatment for mites and lice in guinea pigs
Ivermectin SQ ONLY!!!
PO has poor GI absorption in guinea pigs
Treatment for mites and lice in rabbits
Selamectin
NOT fipronil!
Causes of alopecia without pruritus in small mammals (4)
1) Dermatophytes
2) Barbering/ shedding
3) Demodicosis
4) Endocrine
Treatment for dermatophytes in small mammals
Lime sulfur dip 2x/week for 1 month
Enilconazole weekly x3w
May be toxic if ingested
Which species is especially sensitive to neuro-ototoxicity from aminoglycosides
Chinchilla
Chinchilla
Normal shed
Long demodex in hamsters
Demodex aurati
Follicular
Short demodex in hamsters
Demodex criceti
Stratum corneum
Which species develops hyperadrenocorticism most commonly
Hamsters
Which species develops cystic ovaries most commonly
Guinea pigs
Hyperestrogenism –> alopecia
Enlarged abdomen
Tx = ovariohysterectomy (less ideal = hCG, GnRH)
How to diagnose HAC in hamsters
Ultrasound
Scaling of pinnae in guinea pigs
Hypovitaminosis
Cause of crusting and scaling in small mammals (parasite)
Cheyletiella
Cause of crusting/scaling in rabbits
Venerial spirochetosis (Treponema paraluiscuniculi)
Rabbit fur mite (causes scale)
Listrophorus gibbus
Clinical signs of Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Crusts, erythema, edema, vesicles, ulcers, proliferative lesions
Face and perineum
Painful, not pruritic
(Metritis, abortion, neonatal death)
T or F: Rabbit syphilis is zoonotic
FALSE. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is NOT zoonotic
Histopath stain for Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Silver stain
How to diagnose Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Biopsy + visualize organisms (Silver stain)
Serology (human lab ok!!)
Treatment of Treponema paraluiscuniculi
1) Penicillin G SC SIW x3w
MONITOR FOR ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED ENTEROTOXAEMIA
Treat all exposed rabbits
2) Chloramphenicol q12h PO x4w
3) Azithromycin q24h x15d
3 differentials for scaling/crusting in small mammals
1) Sebaceous adenitis
2) Cutaneous lymphoma
3) Thymoma
Which species develops cutaneous lymphoma most commonly
Hamsters
Scaly rabbit
Sebaceous adenitis
Treatment of sebaceous adenitis in rabbits
Retinoids (?)
Cyclosporine A and medium chain triglycerides q24h
Severe alopecia in a hamster
Cutaneous lymphoma
Common causes of chelitis in guinea pigs
1) Rough forage, acidic fruit
2) Hypovitaminosis C
3) Poxvirus
3 causes of infectious nodules in small mammals
1) Pododermatitis
2) Myxomatosis
3) Abscesses
Most common neoplastic nodule in small mammals (guinea pigs esp)
Trichofolliculoma
Predominantly in males at dorsolumbar region; incorporate coccygeal land
Risk factors for pododermatitis in rabbits, guinea pigs
Infection
Wire bottom cages
Obesity
Females (rabbits)
Neutered/Spayed (rabbits)
>12 months old
Hypovitaminosis C (Guinea pigs)
Rex rabbits (no protective guard hairs)
What type of virus is myxomatosis
Myxoma pox virus
Vector for myxomatosis
Arthropod transmission
8-21d incubation
Morbidity and mortality for myxomatosis in pet rabbits
Approaching 100%
Clinical signs of myxomatosis in rabbits
- Edema of head, ears, eyelids, genitalia
- Milky oculonasal discharge
- Myxomas: firm, nonpruritic, erythematous nodules
- Lethargy, fever
Organism associated with abscesses in rabbits
Pasteurella multocida
Why are rabbit abscesses more inspisated than dogs/cats
Rabbit heterophils are myeloperoxidase- deficient
Best treatment for rabbit abscesses
Surgical removal
(P multocida abscess usually in a capsule)
Causative agent
Sylvilagus folridanus (Eastern cottontail) papillomavirus
Colony mouse
Small crusts on sparsely haired areas
Mouse pox
Infectious ectromelia, orthopoxvirus
From infected serum
When do ferrets molt
Fall, spring
Female: w/1st ovulation
Male: early speratogenesis
Coat color change
Treatment for ferret Otodectes cyanotis
Selamectin (revolution) twice (q2w)
Ivermectin into each ear twice (q2w)
Treatment for sarcoptes scabei in ferrets
Selamectin (Revolution)
Treatment for fleas in ferrets
Advantage Multi for cats (imidacloprid + Moxidectin)
ONLY FDA-approved tx for fleas, HW in ferrets
Clinical sign of canine distemper in ferrets
- Erythema, papules on chin, ventrum, generalized
- Hyperkeratosis (foot pads, nasal planum, pinnae)
- Respiratory signs
T or F: MCT are usually benign in ferrets
True
Rx with benadryl before sx
Treatment for cutaneous lymphoma in ferrets (expensive!)
Bexarotene
Is adrenocortical hyperplasia in ferrets usually unilateral or bilateral
Bilateral (70%)
If adrenocortical hyperplasia is unilateral in a ferret, is it usually L or R gland
L gland
T or F: The contralateral adrenal gland is atrophied in ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia
FALSE. Usually no atrophy of contralateral gland
T or F: Bilateral adrenalectomy is a great treatment option for ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia or neoplasia
FALSE. Recurrence with adrenolectomy
T or F: Pituitary neoplasia has not been found in ferret’s with HAC
TRUE. Usually either adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenoma/adenocarcinoma
T or F: Metastasis of adenocarcinomas in ferrets is common
FALSE. Metastasis is uncommon (15%)
Local invasion from L gland to L kidney most common
Invasion from R gland to liver, vena cava occur – metastasis from VC
Which adrenal gland is more likely to have metastasis of its adenocarcinoma in ferrets
R adrenal gland
Invasion to vena cava, then hematogenous metastasis
What aspect of ferret signalment correlates with age of onset of Ferret Cushings
The younger the age at neutering, the younger the age of onset
Which hormones ARE elevated in Ferret Cushings?
- Androgens (andostenedione, 17-alphahydroxyprogesterone, DHEAS)
- Estradiol
Cortisol NOT elevated
Why are androgens and estradiol elevated in ferrets with HAC?
After neutering, no negative feedback on GnRH
Likely ACTH, alpha-MSH independent!
Which receptor is present on ferret adrenal tissue in both health and HAC animals
LH receptors
Activation of pre-existing LH receptor proteins with HAC!
*Confirmed with GnRH stimulation test
GnRH tells pituitary to release LH –> binds to LH receptors on adrenal glands –> Adrenal glands make estradiol, androgens
What hormone stimulates molt and weight gain in minks
Melatonin (from pineal gland)
How may melatonin be related to ferret HAC?
Melatonin levels decrease during shift from short to long days
This triggers estrus in ferrets
Melatonin may inhibit GnRH secretion –> decreases LH, FSH –> decreased sex steroids
Pet ferrets may get HAC because indoors, long artificial day-length = decreased melatonin!
What induces estrus in ferrets
Longer photoperiod
Most common clinical sign of adrenocortical disease in ferrets
Progressive alopecia (>90%!) on tailbase, flanks
Symmetrical
Seasonal (shed coat in spring)
T or F: adernocortical disease results in pruritus in 33% of ferrets
True. 33% are pruritic at their dorsal interscapular region.
Skin erythematous
Hypersensitivity to hormones (LH, estrogen, some androgens)?
Spayed female ferret; mucoid discharge
Check for adrenal disease
> 70% of female with adrenal disease have enlarged vulva
Life-threatening sequela of ferret adrenocortical disease
Cystic urogenital anomalies –> URINARY BLOCKAGE
Prostatic most common (but also in females)
Stranguria, dysuria
Disease to evaluate for in a male ferret with male sexual aggression
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Also may have mammary gland hyperplasia
T or F: Splenomegaly in a ferret is consistent with HAC
FALSE. SPLENOMEGALY IS PRESENT ALL older ferrets, EVEN IF HEALTHY.
So unsure if splenomegaly is related to HAC (but it IS a common finding)
Hypoglycemia on labwork for a ferret may be related to
Beta cell tumor secreting insulin
T or F: ACTH stimulation testing and LDDST are helpful in diagnosing adrenocortical dz in ferrets
FALSE. Ferrets have NORMAL cortisol; this is a sex hormone issue
Use the sex hormone panel from U of TN (validated ferret levels)
T or F: Ferrets require steroids and DOCP after bilateral adrenolectomy
False. Usually unnecessary
Concurrent diseases common in ferrets (that may come up during your HAC work up)
Pancreatic nodules
Lymphoma
Medical treatment of adrenocortical disease in ferrets
Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorelin) implant
GnRH analog: downregulates GnRH receptors in pituitary gland –> inhibits LH, FSH production
AFTER an initial stimulation (esp in males)
Impact of melatonin on adrenocortical dz in ferrets
Stimulates hair growth ONLY
No effect on hormone pathology (esp prostatic BPH)
What treatment offers the best prognosis in ferrets with adrenocortical disease
Combination of adrenolectomy + Deslorelin acetate
Which medications should NOT be used for ferrets with adrenocortical disease
1) Mitotane: severe AEs in ferrets
2) Ketoconazole: Not effective in ferrets. + hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia reported
Seligiline also not effective in ferrets
Unusual sequelae in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism or post-adrenolectomy
Figurate erythema
Tx: Essential fatty acids
Raccoon
Canine distemper
Cheetah
Herpes
Harbor seal
DLE
Llama
Zinc responsive dermatosis
Fallow deer
Normal velvet shed
Hedgehog
Trichophyton erinacei
Golden eagle
Knemidokoptes
Bearded dragon
Rana virus + Dermatophilosis
Why can guinea pigs not synthesize their own vitamin C
Guinea pigs lack L-glunolactone oxidase enzyme
Which parasites does imidacloprid (Advantage) work for?
Lice but NOT mites
Rabbit flea name, vector for ____
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
Common in pregnant or young rabbits (hormonal control)
Vector for myxomatosis
Vector for Myxomatosis
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
What exotics species has a reported Pelodera strongyloides infection
2 Guinea Pigs
Severe erythematous dermatitis
Etiology of barbering in guinea pigs
Not enough fiber in diet, stress, or overcrowding
Chinchilla. Diagnosis?
Fur slip d/t stress
Regrows in 3-5 months
T or F: Alopecia areata has been reported in a guinea pig
True
Which type of cell is present in cutaneous lymphoma in rabbits
T cell-rich B CELL lymphoma
(T cell in ferrets)
In hamsters with MULTIPLE trichofolliculomas, which virus has been associated?
Polyoma virus
Most common SC nodule in companion rats = _____
Mammary gland fibroadenoma
What type of carcincoma caused OE in a pet rat
Zymbal gland (auditory sebaceous gland) carcinoma
Most common secondary infectious agent in rabbit pododermatitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Consider enrofloxacin SC q24h as empiric tx, but C&S ideal
Pain meds = meloxicam, tramadol
Most common secondary infectious agents in guinea pig pododermatitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacterium pyogenes
What disease can make guinea pigs SO itchy, it looks like they’re having seizures?
Trixacarus caviae
Which neoplasm is most common in ferrets
MCT
usually benign
T or F: Ferrets commonly develop vaccine-associated sarcomas (like cats)
FALSE
