Exotics Flashcards
1
Q
How many times per year do psittacines molt
A
Every 2 years or poorly defined
2
Q
How many times per year do migratory birds molt
A
2x/year
3
Q
How many times per year do most species of birds molt
A
1x/year
4
Q
5 causes of abnormal molts in birds
A
1) Nutritional defects
2) Stress/fear
3) Reduction of light period
4) Ectoparasites
5) Hypothyroidism: retardation of feather growth
5
Q
Which nutritional deficits can lead to abnormal molting in birds
A
Inadequate protein
Vitamin A (all seed diets)
Beta carotene
Riboflavin
6
Q
Which type of diet commonly leads to deficits in vitamin A in birds
A
All seed diets
7
Q
What occurs secondary to any change /diminishment in feather quality in birds
A
Plucking behavior to remove the inferior feathers
8
Q
What are 2 risk factors for feather destructive behavior in African Greys
A
1) Increasing sleep hours
2) Length of ownership
9
Q
What are 3 risk feators for feather destructive behaviros in cockatoos
A
1) Pet shop origin
2) Cage location against 1+ walls
3) 1+ owner vacations per year
10
Q
Why do birds have linear featherless regions during molt
A
Naturally, there areas with no feathers between feather tracts
BUT only visible during molt
11
Q
T or F: Birds are likely to feather pluck MORE if you have food readily available for them
A
TRUE!
Make it harder for them to get food to mimic foraging behavior
Put food in slightly challenging-to-open containiners
12
Q
Medications for separation anxiety in birds
A
Clomipramine or fluoxetine
Combine with behavioral modification training
13
Q
T or F: A dominant bird may pluck a subordinate
A
True
14
Q
T or F: Hand reared birds may feather pluck due to sexual frustration
A
True. Can start as early as 6 months old
Cockatoos, lovebirds, African Greys
15
Q
Only biting louse that affects birds
A
Mallophaga
Sign of poor husbandry
Easy to see on plumage
16
Q
Causative agent of “scaly leg” in canaries and “scaly face” in budgerigars (beak malformations)
A
Knemidocoptes
Affect non-feathered areas (legs, beak)
Life cycle ENTIRELY ON BIRD
17
Q
Chicken parasite that can attack mammals (like humans)
A
Darmanyssus
18
Q
When do Dermanyssus feed on birds
A
Night
Free-living
Breed in the cage or environment during the day
19
Q
How to diagnose Dermanyssus
A
White sheet over cage – see red mites on it in the AM
20
Q
Feather mite species in Budgerigars (2)
A
1) Protolichus lunula on wing/tail feathers
2) Dubininia melopsittaci on smaller body feathers
Not usually an issue unless heavy infestation (husbandry problems)
21
Q
Harpyrhynchid serini affects which species of bird
A
Canaries
Attach to feather base, can cause hyperkeratotic epidermal cysts
22
Q
Which ectoparasitocide is TOXIC TO BIRDS
A
Imidacloprid (Advantage)
23
Q
Which ectoparasitocide should NOT be given to finches
A
Ivermectin
24
Q
What ARE appropriate ecroparasitocides in birds
A
Fipronyl (Frontline)
Selamectin (Revolution)
Isoxazoline
Do NOT soak bird with spray
25
Which ENDOparasite has been associated with pruritus in budgerigars, lovebirds, and cockatiels
Giardia
26
What is the best treatment for atopic dermatitis in large psyttachines
Unknown. AD likely exists, but no tested treatments
27
Biggest environmental factor that can lead to poor quality feathers --> plucking
Low humidity (central heat turned up)
Psittacines are rain forest birds
28
Environmental factors that can lead to pruritus or poor feather quality --> plucking
1) Tobacco smoke
2) Aerosols
3) Building dust
4) Low humidity
5) Lack of bathing opportunities
6) Abnormal photoperiods (not enough dark time)
29
A bird starts feather plucking after getting a new cage or toy. What is the most likely cause
Heavy metal toxicity
Lead, zinc, copper, iron
30
Cause of liver disease that can lead to pruritus in birds
Chlamydophila infection
31
2 Bacteria isolated from birds, which cause folliculitis/pulpitis
1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Staphylococcus intermedius
32
Body site on birds with broad anti-microbial properties
Uropygial gland secretions
33
Which antimicrobial medication is toxic to Grey parrots
Itraconazole
34
Body regions affected by Candida, Dermatophytes, Malassezia
Candida: vent, head
Dermatophytes: patchy feather loss on head, neck, breast
Malassezia: unknown pruritus
35
Etiology of "feather dusters" and "straw feathers" in Budgerigars
Genetic abnormalities
Curly, overgrown feathers
Also called chrysanthymum feathering
36
T or F: Birds may pluck feathers over a site of skin cancer
True
37
DNA virus causing Psittacine Beak and Feather disease
Circovirus
Can persist in environment for 1 year
38
Which birds are most likely to contract Circovirus
Young birds
Old World Psittacines
39
Clinical signs of Circovirus in birds
Dystrophic feathers
In chronic form: lack of powder down, pulp cavity hemorrhage, feather fracture, hyperkeratosis, beak overgrowth, oral ulcerations + secondary infections
40
How to diagnose Circovirus in birds
PCR on blood or pulpy feathers
Severe leukopenia in peracute dz
Treatment = supportive care
41
Which bird species may have a less severe course of Circovirus
Lorikeets
Full recovery possible
42
Which DNA virus causes neonatal death in Budgerigars, but reduced down/contour feathers in those that survive ("French moulters", "Creepers")
Polyoma virus
LESS COMMON than Psittacine Beak and Feather disease (Circovirus) in non-Budgie birds
43
Birds that develop polyoma virus
Very young birds only
Budgerigars, psittacines, finches
Passerines - acute death
44
Diagnosis of polyoma virus
PCR
Psittacine PCR does NOT work in finches
45
Clinical signs of Poxvirus in birds
Cutaneous form: Nodules, papules, vesicles
Discolored, pruritic, secondary infected
Can also affect oral cavity, trachea --> speticemia
46
Bird species most likely to get cutaneous form of poxvirus
Songbirds, raptors
Feet, eyes, face
47
Common sequelae of poxvirus in Canaries and finches
Skin lesions AND severe pulmonary complications
48
T or F: The cutaneous form of Poxvirus is self limiting in Amazon parrots
True
49
T or F: The diptheric (oral+tracheal) form of poxvirus is fatal in Amazon parrots
True
50
Diagnosis of poxvirus in birds
Histopath or cytology
Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies = Bollinger bodies
51
Bollinger bodies are associated with what bird infectious disease
Poxvirus
52
Vector for poxvirus in birds
insect vectors
pest control = important
53
Which virus causes benign epithelial tumorsin birds
Papilloma virus
Cloaca, oral cavity, skin
Surgery vs possible spontaneous remission
54
What pigment is present in psittacines
Psittacofulvins
Similar to carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in other bird species
55
How to perform a punch biopsy in birds
Tape the skin to prevent rolling of your sample
Biopsy THROUGH the tape
56
Which bird species is prone to high cholesterol, atherosclerosis
Psittacines
DO NOT FEED ALL SEED DIETs (high in fat, low in everything else)
57
Which plant is poisonous to birds
Avocados
Contain persin (cardiotoxin)
58
Which reptiles are predisposed to dermatologic lesions
Pythons, boa constrictors
59
Term for abnormal shedding of skin
Dysecdysis
60
Causes of dysecdysis (abnormal shedding of skin) (7)
1) Poor husbandry
2) Ectoparasitism (Ophionyssus natricis)
3) Systemic disease
4) Too cold temperature
5) Improper humidity
6) Poor nutrition
7) Owners pulling off their shed for them too early
61
What causes ischemia and necrosis of lizard digits, sometimes leading to amputation
Retained skin around the digits
62
Causative agent of "inclusion body disease" in pythons
Arenavirus
Causes dysecdysis
63
Which virus is associated with dysecdysis in pythons
Arenavirus
64
Clinical signs of Ophinoyssus natricis
Pruritus
Dysecdysis
Snakes staying in water
65
Location on body Ophinoyssus natricis are found (snake, lizard)
Snakes: head, cloaca
Lizard: Axilla, groin, ear drum
66
Ophinoyssus natricis may be a vector for ______
Aeromonas
67
Treatment for Ophinoyssus natricis
* Ivermectin oral, spray on animal or environmenta
(DO NOT USE IVERMECTIN IN CHELONIANS)
* Moxidectin
* Spray towel with fipronil and wipe snake
* Nexgard
Avoid pyrethroids, organophosphates
68
Which parasiticide should NOT be used in chelonians
Ivermectin
69
Which mite (related to Ophinoyssus natricis) can be found on lizards
Ophionyssus lacertinus
70
T or F: Ophinoyssus natricis can be transmitted to humans
True
71
Causative agent of yellow fungus disease
Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriessi (CANV)
72
Reptile that gets Chrysosporium guarroi infections (Related to CANV)
Green iguanas
73
Species that get CANV infections
Bearded dragons, Chameleons
But any lizard can
74
Diagnostic tests for CANV (yellow fungus disease)
Culture AND histopathology ideal
+/- DNA sequencing
75
Treatments for CANV (yellow fungus disease)
Posaconazole, voriconazole are best
Itraconazole may work occasionally
Possibly terbinafine, esp if combined with an azole
76
T or F: CANV (yellow fungus disease) can affect humans
True
77
How long do reptiles need to be on antibiotics for?
Often many months (abscesses)
Slow immune systems
78
Best treatment for bacterial abscesses in reptiles
REMOVAL
(not just lance/drain; they are thick/granulomatous rather than liquid)
79
Which opportunistic pathogenic bacteria are common in GI tract of reptiles
Pseudomonas
Aeromonas
Salmonella
80
Sign of sepsis in chelonians
Petichiae
81
Sign of sepsis in snakes
Ventral "flush"
82
Which species of reptile has reported Dermatophilus congolensis
Bearded dragons
83
Causative agent of Devrieseasis in lizards
Devriesea agamarum
84
Gram stain of Devriesea agamarum
Gram positive
85
Clinical signs of Devriesea agamarum in reptiles
Chronic proliferative dermatitis and septicemia
SQ abscesses
86
Treatment for Devriesea agamarum
* Adequate basking temperature
* Systemic antibiotic (Ceftiofur)
* Keeping environment dry
* Clean crusts/debris on lesions
87
Which antibiotic is Devriesea agamarum RESISTANT to
Fluoroquinolones
88
T or F: Devriesea agamarum can survive for long periods in moist, cool environments
True
89
T or F: Heat lamps are an excellent means to provide adequate heat to lizards
FALSE
They cause burns. Reptiles do not realize they are too hot
90
Treatment of burns in reptiles
Container with no substrate
Topical antibiotic (SSD cream)
Topical vitamin A ointment
Bathe only 3-4x/week
91
3 common cuases of shell problems in chelonians
1) Too high humidity
2) Bacterial or viral infections
3) Poor nutrition (low calcium)
92
Which organism causes ulcerative shell disease in chelonians
Beneckea chitinovora
93
Which organism causes Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD) in chelonians
Citrobacter freundii
94
Which keratinophilic fungal agent is associated with ulcerative skin and shell disease
AND
Keratin inclusion cysts
Emydomyces testavorans
95
Which species of chelonian develop discoloration, flaking, erosion/ulcers, and osteonecrosis of their shells secondary to Emydomyces testavorans
Pacific pond turtle
Savannah side-necked turtle
96
Which species develops rhinitis, paronychia, nail loss, ulcers, excessive shedding, and death secondary to Emydomyces testavorans
Juvenile alligator snapping turtles
97
Most common cause of blister disease in snakes and lizards
Inappropriate humidity (too high or too low depending on species)
98
Common causes of blister disease in snakes and lizards
Wrong humidity, bacteria/fungal pathogens, concurrent disease
99
Clinical signs of blister disease in snakes/ lizards
Vesicles, pustules --> ulcers, necrosis
on ventrum
100
Treatment of blister disease in snakes/lizards
* Lance blister
* Apply antibiotic ointment, chlorhexidine to ventrum
* put reptile in a separate terrarium without contaminated substrate
101
Nutritional skin disease causing palpebral edema, aural abscesses in young chelonians
Vitamin A deficiency
102
Nutritional disease causing stomatitis in chelonians and snakes
Vitamin C deficiency
103
Nutritional disease resulting in goiters in chelonians, lizards
Iodine deficiency (ingestion of 2' certain plants)
104
Cause of steatitis in snakes
Too high fat diet (fish, obese rats)
Unsaturated fatty acid oxidation --> 2'
vitamin E deficiency
105
Clinical sign of steatitis in snakes
Yellow color to skin
Nodules, inflammation, 2' infections, sloughing skin
106
Clinical signs of hypervitaminosis A in reptiles
Sloughing of skin
OR
dry, exudative, thickened skin
107
T or F: all snakes are carnivores
True
108
Which species of reptile most commonly develops otitis media
Chelonians
Rare in lizards
109
Clinical signs of otitis in chelonians
Nodular abscesses on lateral head
110
Most common bacteria causing otitis media in chelonians
Proteus morganii
111
Treatment of otitis media in chelonians
Surgical: lance + remove pus
Pack with antibiotic cream
System antibiotics
112
What is a risk factor for aural abscesses in chelonians
Hypovitaminosis A
113
Antibiotics ok to use in reptiles
Enrofloxacin (PO or IM)
Ceftazidime (IM)
Pipercillin (IM)
(Treat for 1-9 weeks, slow immune systems)
114
Causative agent of Chytridiomycosis
in fresh water amphibians
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Fungi
115
What are remiges
Flight feathers of wings
116
What are retrices
Flight feathers of tail
117
What are rhamphotheca
Keratinized epithelial on outer surface of beak, overing upper/lower jaw
118
What is rhinotheca
Upper beak of jaw
119
Which is gnathotheca
Lower beak of jaw
120
Which Ig do birds have with atopic dermatitis
IgY (similar to IgE, but don't have IgE)
121
Beak and claw overgrowth in birds is associated with ______ (organ dysfunction)
Hepatopathies
Brittle, hard keratin
r/o toxin exposure
122
Which bird species has a high mortality with poxvirus
Canaries
123
Clinical sign of a male budgie with a sertoli cell tumor
Cere turns grey, brown
Will raise leg on affected side
124
Which bacteria can be associated with pododermatitis in raptors, waterfowl
Staphylococcus aureus
Obesity, lack of exercise, hypovitaminosis A
125
3 major causes of pruritus in rabbits/rodents
1) Parasites
2) Environment (contact dermatitis w/bedding)
3) Neoplasia
126
Parasite that causes pruritus (esp ears!) in rabbits
Psoroptes cuniculi
127
Parasite that causes pruritus in guinea pigs
Trixacarus caviae
128
Parasite that causes pruritus in rats, hamsters
Notoedres muris
Can form nasal "horns" with the mites inside
129
Lice in rats, mice
Polyplax spinulosa (rats)
Polyplax serrata (mice)
130
What is the vector for Mycoplasma (Hemobartonella) muris, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Eperythrozoon coccides
Lice!
Polyplax serrata (mice)
Polyplax spinulosa (rats)
131
Treatment for mites and lice in guinea pigs
Ivermectin SQ ONLY!!!
PO has poor GI absorption in guinea pigs
132
Treatment for mites and lice in rabbits
Selamectin
NOT fipronil!
133
Causes of alopecia without pruritus in small mammals (4)
1) Dermatophytes
2) Barbering/ shedding
3) Demodicosis
4) Endocrine
134
Treatment for dermatophytes in small mammals
Lime sulfur dip 2x/week for 1 month
Enilconazole weekly x3w
May be toxic if ingested
135
Which species is especially sensitive to neuro-ototoxicity from aminoglycosides
Chinchilla
136
Chinchilla
Normal shed
137
Long demodex in hamsters
Demodex aurati
Follicular
138
Short demodex in hamsters
Demodex criceti
Stratum corneum
139
Which species develops hyperadrenocorticism most commonly
Hamsters
140
Which species develops cystic ovaries most commonly
Guinea pigs
Hyperestrogenism --> alopecia
Enlarged abdomen
Tx = ovariohysterectomy (less ideal = hCG, GnRH)
141
How to diagnose HAC in hamsters
Ultrasound
142
Scaling of pinnae in guinea pigs
Hypovitaminosis
143
Cause of crusting and scaling in small mammals (parasite)
Cheyletiella
144
Cause of crusting/scaling in rabbits
Venerial spirochetosis (Treponema paraluiscuniculi)
145
Rabbit fur mite (causes scale)
Listrophorus gibbus
146
Clinical signs of Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Crusts, erythema, edema, vesicles, ulcers, proliferative lesions
Face and perineum
Painful, not pruritic
(Metritis, abortion, neonatal death)
147
T or F: Rabbit syphilis is zoonotic
FALSE. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is NOT zoonotic
148
Histopath stain for Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Silver stain
149
How to diagnose Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Biopsy + visualize organisms (Silver stain)
Serology (human lab ok!!)
150
Treatment of Treponema paraluiscuniculi
1) Penicillin G SC SIW x3w
MONITOR FOR ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED ENTEROTOXAEMIA
Treat all exposed rabbits
2) Chloramphenicol q12h PO x4w
3) Azithromycin q24h x15d
151
3 differentials for scaling/crusting in small mammals
1) Sebaceous adenitis
2) Cutaneous lymphoma
3) Thymoma
152
Which species develops cutaneous lymphoma most commonly
Hamsters
153
Scaly rabbit
Sebaceous adenitis
154
Treatment of sebaceous adenitis in rabbits
Retinoids (?)
Cyclosporine A and medium chain triglycerides q24h
155
Severe alopecia in a hamster
Cutaneous lymphoma
156
Common causes of chelitis in guinea pigs
1) Rough forage, acidic fruit
2) Hypovitaminosis C
3) Poxvirus
157
3 causes of infectious nodules in small mammals
1) Pododermatitis
2) Myxomatosis
3) Abscesses
158
Most common neoplastic nodule in small mammals (guinea pigs esp)
Trichofolliculoma
Predominantly in males at dorsolumbar region; incorporate coccygeal land
159
Risk factors for pododermatitis in rabbits, guinea pigs
Infection
Wire bottom cages
Obesity
Females (rabbits)
Neutered/Spayed (rabbits)
>12 months old
Hypovitaminosis C (Guinea pigs)
Rex rabbits (no protective guard hairs)
160
What type of virus is myxomatosis
Myxoma pox virus
161
Vector for myxomatosis
Arthropod transmission
8-21d incubation
162
Morbidity and mortality for myxomatosis in pet rabbits
Approaching 100%
163
Clinical signs of myxomatosis in rabbits
* Edema of head, ears, eyelids, genitalia
* Milky oculonasal discharge
* Myxomas: firm, nonpruritic, erythematous nodules
* Lethargy, fever
164
Organism associated with abscesses in rabbits
Pasteurella multocida
165
Why are rabbit abscesses more inspisated than dogs/cats
Rabbit heterophils are myeloperoxidase- deficient
166
Best treatment for rabbit abscesses
Surgical removal
(P multocida abscess usually in a capsule)
167
Causative agent
Sylvilagus folridanus (Eastern cottontail) papillomavirus
168
Colony mouse
Small crusts on sparsely haired areas
Mouse pox
Infectious ectromelia, orthopoxvirus
From infected serum
169
When do ferrets molt
Fall, spring
Female: w/1st ovulation
Male: early speratogenesis
Coat color change
170
Treatment for ferret Otodectes cyanotis
Selamectin (revolution) twice (q2w)
Ivermectin into each ear twice (q2w)
171
Treatment for sarcoptes scabei in ferrets
Selamectin (Revolution)
172
Treatment for fleas in ferrets
Advantage Multi for cats (imidacloprid + Moxidectin)
ONLY FDA-approved tx for fleas, HW in ferrets
173
Clinical sign of canine distemper in ferrets
* Erythema, papules on chin, ventrum, generalized
* Hyperkeratosis (foot pads, nasal planum, pinnae)
* Respiratory signs
174
T or F: MCT are usually benign in ferrets
True
Rx with benadryl before sx
175
Treatment for cutaneous lymphoma in ferrets (expensive!)
Bexarotene
176
Is adrenocortical hyperplasia in ferrets usually unilateral or bilateral
Bilateral (70%)
177
If adrenocortical hyperplasia is unilateral in a ferret, is it usually L or R gland
L gland
178
T or F: The contralateral adrenal gland is atrophied in ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia
FALSE. Usually no atrophy of contralateral gland
179
T or F: Bilateral adrenalectomy is a great treatment option for ferrets with adrenocortical hyperplasia or neoplasia
FALSE. Recurrence with adrenolectomy
180
T or F: Pituitary neoplasia has not been found in ferret's with HAC
TRUE. Usually either adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenoma/adenocarcinoma
181
T or F: Metastasis of adenocarcinomas in ferrets is common
FALSE. Metastasis is uncommon (15%)
Local invasion from L gland to L kidney most common
Invasion from R gland to liver, vena cava occur -- metastasis from VC
182
Which adrenal gland is more likely to have metastasis of its adenocarcinoma in ferrets
R adrenal gland
Invasion to vena cava, then hematogenous metastasis
183
What aspect of ferret signalment correlates with age of onset of Ferret Cushings
The younger the age at neutering, the younger the age of onset
184
Which hormones ARE elevated in Ferret Cushings?
* Androgens (andostenedione, 17-alphahydroxyprogesterone, DHEAS)
* Estradiol
Cortisol NOT elevated
185
Why are androgens and estradiol elevated in ferrets with HAC?
After neutering, no negative feedback on GnRH
Likely ACTH, alpha-MSH independent!
186
Which receptor is present on ferret adrenal tissue in both health and HAC animals
LH receptors
Activation of pre-existing LH receptor proteins with HAC!
*Confirmed with GnRH stimulation test
GnRH tells pituitary to release LH --> binds to LH receptors on adrenal glands --> Adrenal glands make estradiol, androgens
187
What hormone stimulates molt and weight gain in minks
Melatonin (from pineal gland)
188
How may melatonin be related to ferret HAC?
Melatonin levels decrease during shift from short to long days
This triggers estrus in ferrets
Melatonin may inhibit GnRH secretion --> decreases LH, FSH --> decreased sex steroids
Pet ferrets may get HAC because indoors, long artificial day-length = decreased melatonin!
189
What induces estrus in ferrets
Longer photoperiod
190
Most common clinical sign of adrenocortical disease in ferrets
Progressive alopecia (>90%!) on tailbase, flanks
Symmetrical
Seasonal (shed coat in spring)
191
T or F: adernocortical disease results in pruritus in 33% of ferrets
True. 33% are pruritic at their dorsal interscapular region.
Skin erythematous
Hypersensitivity to hormones (LH, estrogen, some androgens)?
192
Spayed female ferret; mucoid discharge
Check for adrenal disease
>70% of female with adrenal disease have enlarged vulva
193
Life-threatening sequela of ferret adrenocortical disease
Cystic urogenital anomalies --> URINARY BLOCKAGE
Prostatic most common (but also in females)
Stranguria, dysuria
194
Disease to evaluate for in a male ferret with male sexual aggression
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Also may have mammary gland hyperplasia
195
T or F: Splenomegaly in a ferret is consistent with HAC
FALSE. SPLENOMEGALY IS PRESENT ALL older ferrets, EVEN IF HEALTHY.
So unsure if splenomegaly is related to HAC (but it IS a common finding)
196
Hypoglycemia on labwork for a ferret may be related to
Beta cell tumor secreting insulin
197
T or F: ACTH stimulation testing and LDDST are helpful in diagnosing adrenocortical dz in ferrets
FALSE. Ferrets have NORMAL cortisol; this is a sex hormone issue
Use the sex hormone panel from U of TN (validated ferret levels)
198
T or F: Ferrets require steroids and DOCP after bilateral adrenolectomy
False. Usually unnecessary
199
Concurrent diseases common in ferrets (that may come up during your HAC work up)
Pancreatic nodules
Lymphoma
200
Medical treatment of adrenocortical disease in ferrets
Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorelin) implant
GnRH analog: downregulates GnRH receptors in pituitary gland --> inhibits LH, FSH production
AFTER an initial stimulation (esp in males)
201
Impact of melatonin on adrenocortical dz in ferrets
Stimulates hair growth ONLY
No effect on hormone pathology (esp prostatic BPH)
202
What treatment offers the best prognosis in ferrets with adrenocortical disease
Combination of adrenolectomy + Deslorelin acetate
203
Which medications should NOT be used for ferrets with adrenocortical disease
1) Mitotane: severe AEs in ferrets
2) Ketoconazole: Not effective in ferrets. + hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia reported
Seligiline also not effective in ferrets
204
Unusual sequelae in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism or post-adrenolectomy
Figurate erythema
Tx: Essential fatty acids
205
Raccoon
Canine distemper
206
Cheetah
Herpes
207
Harbor seal
DLE
208
Llama
Zinc responsive dermatosis
209
Fallow deer
Normal velvet shed
210
Hedgehog
Trichophyton erinacei
211
Golden eagle
Knemidokoptes
212
Bearded dragon
Rana virus + Dermatophilosis
213
Why can guinea pigs not synthesize their own vitamin C
Guinea pigs lack L-glunolactone oxidase enzyme
214
Which parasites does imidacloprid (Advantage) work for?
Lice but NOT mites
215
Rabbit flea name, vector for ____
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
Common in pregnant or young rabbits (hormonal control)
Vector for myxomatosis
216
Vector for Myxomatosis
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
217
What exotics species has a reported Pelodera strongyloides infection
2 Guinea Pigs
Severe erythematous dermatitis
218
Etiology of barbering in guinea pigs
Not enough fiber in diet, stress, or overcrowding
219
Chinchilla. Diagnosis?
Fur slip d/t stress
Regrows in 3-5 months
220
T or F: Alopecia areata has been reported in a guinea pig
True
221
Which type of cell is present in cutaneous lymphoma in rabbits
T cell-rich B CELL lymphoma
(T cell in ferrets)
222
In hamsters with MULTIPLE trichofolliculomas, which virus has been associated?
Polyoma virus
223
Most common SC nodule in companion rats = _____
Mammary gland fibroadenoma
224
What type of carcincoma caused OE in a pet rat
Zymbal gland (auditory sebaceous gland) carcinoma
225
Most common secondary infectious agent in rabbit pododermatitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Consider enrofloxacin SC q24h as empiric tx, but C&S ideal
Pain meds = meloxicam, tramadol
226
Most common secondary infectious agents in guinea pig pododermatitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacterium pyogenes
227
What disease can make guinea pigs SO itchy, it looks like they're having seizures?
Trixacarus caviae
228
Which neoplasm is most common in ferrets
MCT
usually benign
229
T or F: Ferrets commonly develop vaccine-associated sarcomas (like cats)
FALSE
