Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > OESWTE: Mass transport in animals > Flashcards

OESWTE: Mass transport in animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood to and from?

A

To lungs
From heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood to and from?

A

To heart
From lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the aorta carry blood to and from?

A

To body
From heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the vena cava carry blood to and from?

A

To heart
From body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cardiac muscle is myogenic. What does this mean?

A

Can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give the two ways how cardiac muscle is adapted to its function:

A
  • It is myogenic
  • It never fatigues as long as it has a good oxygen supply.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of coronary arteries?

A

Supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What will happen if the coronary arteries become blocked?

A
  • Cardiac muscle wont receive oxygen.
  • Cells will be unable to respire and die.
  • Myocardial infarction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do the atria have thinner muscular walls?

A

They do not need to contract as hard to pump blood as it is not being pumped far (to ventricles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do the atria have elastic walls?

A

So they can stretch when blood is entering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Haemoglobin is made up of _____ polypeptide chains.

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Each polypeptide chain in haemoglobin contains an ______.

A

Iron ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gives haemoglobin its red colour?

A

Its iron ion in each of the four polypeptide chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one human haemoglobin carry?

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the lungs, oxygen joins to haemoglobin to form ________.

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is oxyhaemoglobin formed?

A

In the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The formation of oxyhaemoglobin is a ______ reaction.

A

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define loading/association of oxygen:

A

When an oxygen molecule joins to a haemoglobin and forms oxyhaemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define unloading/disassociation of oxygen:

A

When an oxygen molecule leaves oxyhaemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define affinity:

A

The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In areas of low partial pressure there is ___________ oxygen available.

A

Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

When a high carbon dioxide concentration causes the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In areas of high partial pressure there is ___________ oxygen available.

A

A lot of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of an area with a low partial pressure:

A

Respiring tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give an example of an area with a high partial pressure:

A

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to oxygens in areas of low partial pressure?

A

Oxygen is offloaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to oxygen in areas with a high partial pressure?

A

Oxygen is loaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

As pO2 increases so does _________________.

A

Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The greater the concentration of dissolved oxygen in cells, the _____ the partial pressure.

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do the alveoli have a high pO2?

A

So oxygen will load onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When cells respire, they use oxygen- this _____ the pO2.

A

Lowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

How saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen at any given partial pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where pO2 is high, haemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen, so it has a high affinity for oxygen.

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where pO2 is low, haemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen, so it has a low affinity for oxygen.

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What shape do oxygen dissociation curves often show?

A

S-shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Once the first O2 molecule has joined the haemoglobin, why is it easier for other O2 molecules to join after?

A

The O2’s shape changes.

31
Q

As haemoglobin becomes saturated with multiple O2 molecules, it becomes _______ for more O2 molecules to join.

A

Harder

32
Q

Haemoglobin gives up its oxygen molecules more readily at _____ pCO2 concentrations.

A

Higher

33
Q

When cells respire they produce carbon dioxide, which ____ the pCO2.

A

Increases

34
Q

The higher the pCO2, the _____ rate of oxygen offloading.

A

Higher

35
Q

When there is a high pCO2 and oxygen offloading, the dissociation curve shifts to the _____.

A

Right

36
Q

Organisms that live in environments with a low O concentration have oxygen with a _____ affinity for oxygen.

A

High

37
Q

Why do organisms that live in environments with a low O concentration have a high affinity for oxygen?

A
  • There isn’t much oxygen available
  • So the haemoglobin has to be very good at loading any available oxygen.
38
Q

Organisms that are very active and have a high oxygen demand have haemoglobin with a _____ affinity for oxygen.

A

Lower

39
Q

Why do organisms that are very active and have a high oxygen demand have haemoglobin with a lower affinity for oxygen?

A
  • They need their haemoglobin to easily unload oxygen so it is available for them to use.
40
Q

Why do smaller mammals have a lower oxygen affinity?

A
  • Higher SA:V means they lose heat quickly
  • Have a higher metabolic rate to maintain body temperature
  • Higher metabolic rate means high oxygen offloading demand
41
Q

Where does the renal artery carry blood to and from?

A

To kidneys
From body

42
Q

Where does the renal vein carry blood to and from?

A

To vena cava
From kidneys

43
Q

What 3 factors help maintain the high pressure in arteries?

A

Elastic wall tissue
Folded inner lining
Smaller lumen

44
Q

Why is the inner lining in the arteries folded?

A

Allows the artery to stretch
Helps maintain high blood pressure

45
Q

Arteries divide into smaller vessels called ________.

A

Arterioles.

46
Q

How do muscles inside the arterioles allow blood flow to be directed?

A

They contract to restrict blood flow.
They relax to allow full blood flow.

47
Q

Arteries maintain a ______ blood pressure.

A

High

48
Q

Veins maintain a ______ blood pressure.

A

Low

49
Q

Why do veins contain valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood.

50
Q

Why do veins have a larger lumen than arteries?

A

They do not need to maintain a high pressure like arteries do.

51
Q

Arterioles branch into _______.

A

Capillaries

52
Q

Why are capillaries always found near cells in respiring tissues?

A

To allow short diffusion pathway

53
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid that surrounds cells in tissues.

54
Q

What is tissue fluid make up of?

A

Small molecules that leave the blood plasma e.g. oxygen, water.

55
Q

Why doesn’t tissue fluid contain red blood cells or large proteins?

A

They are too large to exit the capillary walls.

56
Q

By which process do substances move out of the capillaries and into the tissue fluid?

A

Pressure filtration.

57
Q

At the start of the capillary bed the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is ______ than in the tissue fluid.

A

Greater

58
Q

What causes water to re-enter the capillary bed after fluid has been lost?

A

The water potential at the venule end of the capillary bed is lower than the water potential in the tissue fluid.

59
Q

Role of the right side of the heart:

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

60
Q

Role of the left side of the heart:

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body

61
Q

Role of the atrioventricular valves:

A

Link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.

62
Q

Role of the semi-lunar valves:

A

Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta, and stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contract

63
Q

Role of the cords:

A

Attach the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when the ventricles contract.

64
Q

What determines if the valves are open or closed?

A

Relative pressure of the heart chambers.

65
Q

What is the impact of higher pressure behind a valve?

A

It is forced open.

66
Q

What is the impact of higher pressure in front of a valve?

A

It is forced shut.

67
Q

What does it mean if the flow of blood is unidirectional?

A

It only flows in one direction.

68
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

An ongoing sequence of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

69
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Ventricles relax, atria contracts
2) Ventricles contract, atria relaxes
3) Ventricles relax, atria relax

70
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

A build-up of fibrous plaque in the endothelium.

71
Q

How do atheromas form?

A
  • Damage occurs to the endothelium.
  • White blood cells, lipids and connective tissue repeatedly clump together under the lining to form fatty streaks
  • Fibrous plaque hardens
72
Q

What is the impact of an atheroma on blood flow?

A
  • Atheroma partially blocks lumen of the artery
  • Blood flow is restricted
  • Blood pressure increases
73
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A balloon-like swelling of the artery.

74
Q

How do aneurysms form?

A
  • Atheroma forms first - damaging the artery.
  • Blood traveling at high pressures over a weakened artery push the inner layers through the outer elastic layer.
75
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot.

76
Q

How does thrombosis form?

A
  • Atheroma forms first
  • Plaque ruptures the endothelium, damaging the artery and leaving a rough surface
  • Platelets and fibrin accumulate at damaged surface and form a blood clot.
77
Q

The heart muscle is supplied with blood by the _________.

A

Coronary arteries

78
Q

What will happen if a coronary artery becomes completely blocked?

A
  • Area of heart muscle will not receive blood supply and consequently no oxygen
  • Myocardial infarction will occur
79
Q

High blood pressure _______ the risk of damage to the artery walls.

A

Increases

80
Q

Why does a high blood cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Cholesterol is one of the main constitutes in the build up of atheromas.
  • Most cardiovascular diseases start with an atheroma.
81
Q

How does carbon monoxide increase the risk of a heart attack?

A
  • Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and reduces the amount of oxygen transported in the blood
  • Consequently reducing the amount of oxygen available to tissues
  • Insufficient oxygen supply to the heart can cause a heart attack
82
Q

Give the 2 ways in which smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease:

A
  • Carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen transported
  • Smoking reduces amount of antioxidants in the blood
83
Q

Smoking reduces the amount of antioxidants in the blood. Explain how this increases the risk of cardiovascular disease:

A
  • Antioxidants help protect cells from damage
  • Fewer antioxidants means cell damage in arteries are more likely.
  • Atheromas are more likely to form

Biology Paper 1 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions