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Biology Paper 1 > GVR: RNA and protein synthesis > Flashcards

GVR: RNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Define genome:

A

All of the DNA of an organism within a cell

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2
Q

Define proteome:

A

The range of proteins a cell can produce.

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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

In prokaryotic cells, where does transcription occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Explain DNA transcription in eukaryotes:

A

1) Complementary RNA nucleotide bases align with DNA nucleotide bases.
2) RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of the phosphodiester bonds, forming the pre-mRNA strand.
3) Introns are removed, exons are spliced
4) mRNA exits through nuclear pores.

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6
Q

Explain the process of DNA translation in eukaryotes:

A
  • mRNA attaches to the ribosome
  • tRNA brings a specific amino acid to mRNA
  • The specific amino acid is bound the a tRNA binding site
  • Hydrogen bonds form between mRNA codons and tRNA complementary anticodons
  • Peptide bonds are formed by condensation reactions between adjacent amino acids
  • mRNA moves along the ribosome
  • tRNA leaves the ribosome
    -ATP is required, a polypeptide is formed
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7
Q

What bonds form between complementary base pairs?

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

What bonds form between adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?

A

Phosphodiester

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9
Q

Describe how one amino acid is added to a polypeptide that is being formed at a ribosome during translation:

A
  • tRNA brings specific amino acid to ribosome
  • Anticodon on tRNA binds to codon on mRNA
  • Amino acids join by condensation reaction using ATP
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10
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA:

A
  • Free RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs.
  • RNA Polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds.
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11
Q

Give 3 differences between the structure of mRNA and tRNA:

A
  • mRNA has codons, tRNA has an anticodon
  • mRNA is linear, tRNA has a clover shape
  • tRNA has a specific amino acid, mRNA doesn’t.
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12
Q

What does it mean if the genetic code is degenerate?

A

More than one codon codes for a single amino acid

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13
Q

What two molecules are ribosomes made from?

A

rRNA
Amino acids

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14
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced in a plant cell:

A
  • Hydrogen bonds are broken, causing the DNA strands to separate
  • One strand acts as a template
  • Complementary base pairing occurs (adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine)
  • RNA nucleotides are joined by RNA polymerase.
  • The pre-mRNA strand is formed
  • Introns are removed, exons are spliced
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15
Q

Explain the role of ribosomes in the production of a polypeptide:

A
  • mRNA binds to ribosome
  • Two codons allow tRNA anticodons to bind
  • Peptide bonds form between amino acids
  • Ribosome moves along mRNA to next codon
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16
Q

Why might the base sequence of mRNA be different from the sequence of pre-mRNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Introns have been removed.

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17
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA called (full names)?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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18
Q

What are the 4 bases in RNA called (full names)?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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19
Q

In RNA, what is thymine replaced with?

A

Uracil

20
Q

RNA nucleotides join together as a result of a _________ reaction:

A

Condensation

21
Q

What bonds form between RNA nucleotides during a condensation reaction?

A

Phosphodiester

22
Q

In RNA why is uracil a better base than thymine?

A
  • RNA goes outside the nucleus (into the cytoplasm)
  • Thymine is quickly destroyed outside of the nucleus
23
Q

In DNA why is thymine a better base than uracil?

A
  • Uracil is more likely to mutate inside the nucleus than thymine is
24
Q

The genetic code is _________, __________, and ___________.

A
  • Universal
  • Non-overlapping
  • Degenerate
25
Q

What does it mean if the genetic code is universal?

A

The same triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms.

26
Q

What does it mean if the genetic code is non-overlapping?

A
  • A base belongs to 1 triplet only
  • Bases are read in sequence
27
Q

What does it mean if the genetic code is degenerate?

A

More than one codon codes for an amino acid.

28
Q

What are exons?

A

mRNA coding regions that code for amino acids.

29
Q

What are introns?

A

Interrupting sequences that do not code an amino acid found in the middle of exons.

30
Q

What does mRNA mean?

A

Messenger RNA

31
Q

What does tRNA mean?

A

Transfer RNA

32
Q

mRNA is made during ________.

A

Transcription

33
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to make a protein during translation.

34
Q

What is transcription?

A

Where the DNA code is copied into a mRNA molecule.

35
Q

What is translation?

A

Where the mRNA joins with a ribosome and the code it carries is used to synthesise a protein.

36
Q

What is a codon?

A

A base triplet in DNA or mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

37
Q

What is mRNAs nucleotide structure made up of?

A
  • Base
  • Phosphate group
  • Pentose sugar
38
Q

mRNA is _____-stranded.

A

Single.

39
Q

tRNA is involved in ________.

A

Transcription.

40
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins into ribosomes.

41
Q

tRNA is a single __________.

A

Polynucleotide.

42
Q

How does a tRNA molecule hold its shape?

A

It has hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs.

43
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotide bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that is specific to an mRNA codon.

44
Q

What is splicing?

A

When introns are removed and exons join together.

45
Q

Why does prokaryotic DNA not undergo splicing?

A

There are no introns.

46
Q

What happens in splicing?

A

mRNA strands containing introns are removed, and exons are joined together.

47
Q
A

Biology Paper 1 (32 decks)

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