Biological Molecules: Lipids Flashcards
Name the group represented by COOH:
Carboxyl group
What type of R group has a C=C double bond?
Unsaturated
What type of R group has a C-C single bond?
Saturated
Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a liquid sample of food: (2 marks)
- Add ethanol
- Then add water and shake
- A positive result will be a white/milky emulsion
Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed: (3 marks)
- Formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids
- Condensation reaction occurs, removing three water molecules
- Ester bonds form
What is a fatty acid made up of?
Hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group.
What is the general structure of a fatty acid?
RCOOH
What is a triglyceride molecule made up of?
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol molecule
What are the two types of lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipid
What is an ester bond?
The bond between a glycerol and fatty acid
Why are triglycerides not polymers?
Because they are formed of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule, not repeating units of a single monomer.
Name the type of reaction used to break down phospholipids to release phosphate.
Hydrolysis
Adding fatty acids into a solution causes the pH of that solution to decrease. Suggest why:
- Fatty acids are acids.
- A higher concentration of acid in a solution causes the pH to decrease (become more acidic).
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
An unsaturated fatty acid that only has one double bond between its carbon atoms.
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
An unsaturated fatty acid that has more than one double bond between its carbon atoms.
What is the difference between a monounsaturated fatty acid and a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Monounsaturated = Only one double bond between carbon atoms.
Polyunsaturated = More than one double bond between carbon atoms.
Fats, like butter, are made up of ____________ fatty acids.
Saturated
Oils, like vegetable oil, are made up of ___________ fatty acids.
Unsaturated
Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids:
Straight, parallel hydrocarbon chains
Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids:
Bends in hydrocarbon chains.
Why do triglycerides with saturated fatty acids, like butter, form a solid block at room temperature?
- They have straight, parallel hydrocarbon chains
- Meaning they don’t take up a lot of space and can be packed tightly together.
Why can’t triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids, like vegetable oil, form a solid block at room temperature?
- They have bends in their hydrocarbon chains
- Meaning they take up a lot of space and can’t be packed tightly together
Saturated fats are _______ at room temperature.
Solid
Unsaturated fats are _______ at room temperature.
Liquid
Butter is a/an __________ fat.
Saturated
Vegetable oil is a/an _________ fat.
Unsaturated
A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is described as _____________.
Saturated
A fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms is described as _____________.
Unsaturated
A fatty acid with one double bond is called a __________ fatty acid.
Monounsaturated
What are the 3 properties of fatty acids:
- High ratio of hydrogen and carbons to oxygens
- Large
- Non-polar
Why are triglycerides non-polar?
Their non-polar region is much bigger than their polar region
What happens when a triglyceride is dropped on water? Why?
- It sits on top of the water
- Water is polar, triglyceride is non-polar
- Polar molecules and non-polar molecules do not mix
- Triglycerides are insoluble in water
Why are triglycerides hydrophobic?
- Triglycerides are non-polar, water is polar
- Non polar and polar molecules do not mix
- Triglycerides are insoluble in water
Why are triglycerides a good energy source?
They have a high: carbon and hydrogen: oxygen
Explain how storage of fat in the hump of a camel can help it survive in the desert:
- Fat in the hump is stored as triglycerides.
- During respiration triglycerides are used to produce ATP, also releasing water.
- The high C&H:O means many water molecules can be produced.
- Large amounts of energy released will provide energy for camel when food is scarce.
- Low mass:energy means lots of energy is stored in a small space.
Describe the structure of a phospholipid:
- 3 glycerol molecules
- 2 fatty acid tails
- 1 phosphate group
The fatty acid tails in a phospholipid are attached to the glycerol molecule with _______ bonds.
Ester
State 4 similarities between triglycerides and phospholipids:
- Both contain ester bonds
- Both contain glycerol
- Both have fatty acid tails
- Both have hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
State 2 differences between triglycerides and phospholipids:
- Phospholipids contain a phosphate group, triglycerides do not.
- Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails, triglycerides have three fatty acid tails.
Why are triglycerides insoluble in water?
They have a non-polar region (hydrophobic).
What are the two functions of phospholipids:
- Make cell surface membranes flexible
- Enable cell recognition
Explain how phospholipids make cell-surface membranes flexible:
- Phospholipids contain a mix of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- Unsaturated fatty acids cant be packed tightly together, so they form gaps in the cell surface membrane.
- Allows phospholipids to tilt side-side
Explain how phospholipids allow cell recognition:
- Can combine with a carbohydrate to produce glycolipids.
- Glycolipids prove to our immune system that it is a self-cell.
Name the three structures that phospholipids can form in water:
- Micelle
- Monolayer
- Bilayer
Why are phospholipids insoluble in water?
Hydrophobic tails
Why can small molecules like O and CO2 pass through the lipid bilayer without using a transport protein?
Unsaturated fatty acids create gaps in the bilayer which makes the cell surface membrane flexible so small molecules can pass through.
Why are triglycerides and phospholipids soluble in alcohol?
- Ethanol has a polar and a non-polar region
- So ethanol is able to mix with polar and non-polar substances
What are fatty acid tails made up of?
Hydrocarbons
What property of triglycerides makes them insoluble in water?
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated
Unsaturated
Saturated fatty acids have a _____ CC bond.
Single
Unsaturated fatty acids have a _____ CC bond.
Double
What causes unsaturated fatty acids to kink?
Double CC bond.
Where are ester bonds formed?
Glycerol molecule
Fatty acid
Triglycerides are formed through a ______ reaction.
Condensation
Where are phospholipids found?
Cell membranes
What is the difference in the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids?
Triglycerides : 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids : 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group
The phosphate group in phospholipids is hydro_____.
Hydrophilic
Why are triglycerides good storage molecules?
1) Long hydrocarbon fatty acid tails contain lots of chemical energy = Lots of energy is released when they are broken down
2) Insoluble in water = Wont affect cells water potential
The phospholipid heads are hydro____ and their tails are hydro____.
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
The centre of the phospholipid bilayer is ______.
Hydrophobic