Cells: structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards
Role of mitochondria:
Where aerobic respiration occurs, producing ATP.
Role of cell membrane:
- Controls what goes in and out of the cell
- Has receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals
Role of ribosomes:
- Protein synthesis
- Translates mRNA into proteins
Role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
Lipid synthesis
Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum:
- Protein synthesis
- Processes and folds proteins
Role of Golgi apparatus:
- Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- Makes lysosomes
Role of centrioles:
Create spindle fibres
Role of lysosomes:
Digests non-self or worn out cells
What is chromatin?
Complex of proteins and DNA that form chromosomes.
Role of the nucleolus:
- Makes ribosomes
- RNA synthesis
What are the inner folds of mitochondria called?
Cristae
What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
RER has ribosomes attached, SER doesn’t
Explain how the Golgi apparatus is involved in the secretion of enzymes
- Golgi apparatus produces lysosomes
- Lysosomes are contain digestive enzymes
- When lysosomes are secreted, enzymes are too
Explain how the rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the production of enzymes:
The RER is responsible for protein synthesis
Enzymes are a protein created by the ribosomes on the surface of the RER
What are plants cell walls made out of?
Cellulose
Why can chloroplasts and mitochondria be used as evidence for evolution?
They both have their own DNA.
Describe the structure of a lysosome:
Spherical sac containing digestive enzymes.
Role of nucleus:
Controls the cells activity
How does the nucleus control the cells activity?
Controls transcription of DNA
Role of nuclear pores:
Allows molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus
Role of nuclear envelope:
Separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
In mitochondria, what is the inner part of the folded double-membrane called?
Cristae
What is the cristae?
The inner part of the mitochondria’s folded double membrane.
Role of cristae:
Increase the surface area of the mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP.
What is the internal structure of a mitochondrion called?
Matrix
Role of matrix:
Contains enzymes involved in respiration.
Chloroplasts have a ______-membrane strucutre.
Double
What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called?
Thylakoid membranes
What is grana?
Stacked up thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast.
Where is grana found?
Chloroplast
What is the name for stacked up thylakoid membranes?
Grana
Role of chloroplast:
Where photosynthesis takes place.
What is stroma?
A thick fluid found in chloroplasts
Where is strama found?
In chloroplasts
What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often found at the edges of sacs.
What is the structure of the golgi vesicle?
A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm produced by the golgi apparatus.
Role of golgi vesicle:
Stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.
Role of cell wall in plants:
Supports and strengthens cell - keeping it rigid
Role of cell vacuole in plants:
Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid.
Give 3 ways in which epithelial cells are adapted to their function:
1) Lots of villi = provide large SA for absorption
2) Microvilli = provide large SA for absorption
3) Lots of mitochondria = provide energy for movement of food molecules into the cell
How are red blood cells adapted to their function?
No nucleus = more room for haemoglobin
How are sperm cells adapted to their function?
Contain a lot of mitochondria = sufficient energy
Specialised cells are grouped together to form ______.
Tissues
Define tissue:
A group of cells working together to perform a particular function.
Different tissues work together to form ______.
Organs
Different organs make an ________.
Organ system
