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Biology Paper 1 > Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A monomer from which larger carbohydrates can be made.

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2
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula, but have different arrangements of their atoms

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3
Q

Name three monosaccharides:

A

Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

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4
Q

What is the difference between the structure of alpha-glucose and beta-glucose:

A

Alpha-glucose = OH group is on bottom
Beta-glucose = OH group is on top

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5
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

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6
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

Two monomers bond at their OH/HO groups
Water (H20) is lost

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7
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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8
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

In the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides

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9
Q

Name three disaccharides:

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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10
Q

_______ + _______ = Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

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11
Q

_______ + _______ = Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

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12
Q

_______ + _______ = Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

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13
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Provides rigidity and strength to plants cell wall.

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14
Q

How does the structure of cellulose help its function?

A
  • As cellulose molecules are unbranched, they are able to get close together.
  • Hydrogen bonds are able to form between neighbouring chains
  • As many hydrogen bonds are formed, cellulose is extremely strong.
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15
Q

What is a cellulose microfibril?

A

Strong threads (made of long cellulose chains) that are parallel to one another, joined together by hydrogen bonds.

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16
Q

What is a cellulose macrofibril?

A

Many straight cellulose microfibrils joined together.

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17
Q

Give two ways in which the structure of starch is similar to the structure of cellulose?

A

Both have glycosidic bonds
Both have hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Give two ways in which the structure of starch is different to the structure of cellulose?

A

Starch is branched, cellulose isn’t
Starch contains alpha-glucose, cellulose contains beta-glucose

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19
Q

What does benedict’s solution test for?

A

Sugars

20
Q

Why is glycogen and starch coiled?

A

So it is compact so more glycogen can fit in a smaller area.

21
Q

Why is glycogen and starch being large an advantage?

A

Means it can’t cross the cell membrane when it is stored in a cell.

22
Q

Why is glycogen and starch being insoluble an advantage?

A

Will not affect the water potential of a cells cytoplasm when it is stored inside a cell.

23
Q

What are the three features that make glycogen and starch good storage molecules:

A

Compact
Large
Insoluble

24
Q

Why are starch and glycogen good molecules for respiration?

A

They are coiled and highly branched
Enzymes have many ends for hydrolysing enzymes
Quicker for glucose molecules to be released

25
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond formed between monosaccharides, resulting in a condensation reaction.

26
Q

In alpha glucose the OH group is at the _____.

A

Bottom

27
Q

In beta glucose the OH group is at the _____.

A

Top

28
Q

Describe the structure of amylose:

A
  • Long
  • unbranched chain
  • A-glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds
29
Q

Polymerisation of alpha glucose can form ______ or _______.

A

Starch or glycogen.

30
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
31
Q

Why is amylose a good storage molecule for small spaces?

A

Angles of glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure = can fit more in a small space.

32
Q

Why is amylopectin a good storage molecule for quick energy release?

A

Side branches allow enzymes to break down the molecule to get to the glycosidic bonds easily = quick glucose release.

33
Q

What does the polymerisation of alpha glucose produce?

A

Glycogen
Starch

34
Q

What does the polymerisation of beta glucose produce?

A

Cellulose

35
Q

Why doesn’t starch affect a cells water potential?

A

It is insoluble in water.

36
Q

What two polysaccharides is starch a mixture of?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

37
Q

Animals store excess glucose as ________.

A

Glycogen

38
Q

Plants store excess glucose as ________.

A

Starch

39
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen:

A
  • Long
  • Very branched
  • Made of alpha-glucose
  • Compact
40
Q

Why is glycogen being very branched an advantage?

A

Stored glucose can be released quickly.

41
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose:

A
  • Long
  • Unbranched chains
  • Beta-glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds
42
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin:

A
  • Long
  • Branched
  • Alpha glucose, 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
43
Q

Cellulose chains are linked together by _________.

A

Hydrogen bonds.

44
Q

Cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form ______.

A

Microfibrils.

45
Q

Why are microfibrils important in a plant?

A

Provides structural support.

Biology Paper 1 (32 decks)

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