Ocular Examination Flashcards
List the eye care management team cadre from highest to lowest.
OPHTHALMOLOGIST:- Specializes in eye care, surgery and refractive training.
OPTOMETRIST:- Determines vision, refractive errors, prescribe spectacles and contact lenses.
OPTICIAN:- Makes, verify and deliver lenses and other optical devices.
OPHTHALMIC NURSES:- 18 months of specialization after degree.
OPHTHALMIC TECHNICIANS
OPHTHALMIC ASSISTANT
When taking history in ophthalmology, what questions are you going to ask?
- Complaint
- Duration of complaint
- Laterality (unilateral or bilateral)
- Associated facial symptoms (headache, sinusitis, URTI, toothache)
- History of trauma (penetrating, chemical, blunt, rupture etc)
- Previous episodes
- Medical Hx (DM, HTN, Dyslipidemia, thyroid dx, drugs eg prolonged steroid use, antipsychotics)
- Family Hx (Glaucoma, blindness, Cataract, Retinal detachment, Metabolic dx)
- ROS
List the instruments for examination in ophthalmology
Snellen’s chart
Pen torch
Cotton tip
Ophthalmoscope
Tonometer
Fluorescein strip
Topical anesthetic agent
What steps are taken in eye examination
Visual acuity (unaided and aided)
Inspection (out —> in)
Slit lamp examination
Ophthalmoscopy
Tonometry
Steps in ocular examination
•Visual acuity: Distant & Near
•Eye lids: lashes, swellings, lacerations, scar
•Conjuctiva: this is the transparent vascular mucus membrane; palpebral conjunctiva (lines the eyelids), bulbar (lines the eyeballs),
•Sclera: this is the white outer coat; Jaundice, blue sclera
•Cornea: this is the transparent front window; refractive
•Anterior segment: aqueous humor, blood, pus
•Iris: gives color to the eye and helps in pupillary size via the 2 muscles sphincteric and dilator muscles.
•Pupil: opening in center of iris, controls amount of light entering the eye
•Lens: transparent bicovex body suspended by zonular fibers. Cataract, dislocation, subluxation, absent
•Vitreous cavity: 4.5mls of V. humor, viscous & transparent. Hemorrhage, detachment
•Retina: 10 layers, optic N, macula
•Extra ocular muscles: Obliques & Recti
What are the 2 segments of the eye What separates them
What fluid do they contain
1) Anterior (Anterior chamber and Posterior chamber)
2) Posterior segment
- Separated by the lens
- Anterior segment (Aqueous humor)
- Posterior segment (Vitreous humor)
The anterior segment of the eye is further divided into?
Anterior Chamber
Posterior Chamber
By the Iris
Aqueous humor is produced by?
Capillary network within the ciliary bodies.
It is drained via the canal of schlemm or scleral venous sinus. Its obstruction can cause GLAUCOMA.
Which muscles of the iris is responsible for constriction
Sphincteric muscle (parasympathetic innervation)
Which muscles of the iris is responsible for dilation
Dilator muscle (controlled by sympathetic innervation)
List the external ocular muscles
4 Rectus muscles
- medial
- lateral
- superior
- inferior
2 Oblique muscles
- superior
- inferior
Levator palpebrae
