OCR textbook - main developments of social/economic change 1865-1992 Flashcards
women & work after 1865 - change
- considerable expansion of no. of women in labour market
- biggest increase = white collar work & the professions
- south = women forced to contribute to agricultural work
- biggest change = greater experience of paid wwork among single/married women —> higher proportion of married AA women
- ## range of female employment changed
statistics to support expansion of free women holding jobs
10% in 1840
15% in 1840
24% in 1924
percentage of women workers as domestic servants/white collar work
- end of civil war v. 1920
domestic servants
1865 = 60%
1920 = 18%
white collar work
1865 = 1%
1920 = nearly 40% (clerical/professional work employment)
women & work after 1865 - continuity
- AA women still employed in domestic & factory work
- within women employment, teaching/nurse predominanted, followed by charity & welfare
- thus, stereotype that womens work was linked to their domestic, caring concerns predominated (even when economic growth widened female workforce
development from larger no. of women worker (from 1865)
- growth in union organisation - more strikers & demands for better wages/conditions —> but, only 2% of trade unionists were women by 1914
change/continuity between civil war/ww1 for women & work ?
- mixture
change - scale of women working & nature of employment changed
- work gave women more independence & background to greater involvment in public affairs/beginnings of industrial organisation
continuity - most work in traditional areas associated w/women
—> caring professions, producing garments, domestic service, education, nursing & meeting mens sexual needs - little change in attitude that the home was womens major responsibility
social change 1865-1914
- changes with family
- women gained —> boys & girls in school became roughly equal by 1920
- but, proportion of women in higher education remained lower
- growth in education & employment led to women being more confident to participate in pubiic campaigns
—> led to cooperation/expansion of womens clubs, more womens writers
changes in family 1865-1914
- avg. 5 children per couple (before 1861) declined to 3 by 1920
- due to prosperity, family size fell as middle-class americans wanted to ensure children could prosper
- women faced having fewer children & looking after them better
- expected more of partners
less social change 1865-1914
- equality for economic opportunity
- rewards
- ability to gain access to managerial positions
- enter traditional male professions eg medicine & law
- make decisions/gain political equality
= LESS PROGRESS
social/economic impact of ww1
- added to no. of women employed
- diversity of female employment increased
- numbers in farming grew –> demand for food increased
- women in armed forces
- many women travelled overseas in support of armed forces
- AA women saw change of lifestyle when they joined the emigration from the southern states –> northern states needed more labour
how many more women working in ww1 than 1865
3 mil more
how many women worked directly in armed forces in ww1
–> how was this less of a change
~30,000
less of a change as the work centred around domestic service eg. laundry or nursing
how many women travelled overseas in support of armed forces
20,000+ as members of the YMCA, red cross & salvation army
how many women killed serving overseas (ww1)
358
what did the war accelerate - for women
- higher levels of female employment
- increased womens confidence in tackling more demanding work
- associated women with the national cause
how did ww1 not make a radical change
- many women didn’t stay in roles after end of war
- much of work was traditional roles
-^^pressure to give up jobs for men returning from war - although wages rose, there was inequality between male/female labour
- little attempt to provide childcare facilities/help women who faced dual responsibilities at work/home