OCR textbook - campaign for political rights 1960-92 Flashcards

1
Q

1966

A

formation of national organisation for women (NOW)

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2
Q

aim of NOW

A

‘full participation in mainstream american society’ & ‘truly equal relationship with men’

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3
Q

what had these new aims (eg. NOW) emerged from

A
  • new feminism
  • study published in 1963 & commissioned by president kennedy =
    ‘report on american women’
  • by 1960s, there was movement for change eg. kennedys ‘new frontier’
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4
Q

what was new feminism

A
  • challenged basis of women’s role in society
  • influenced by writers eg. betty freidan
  • demands for political/social change were underpinned by ideology that hadn’t been apparent in previous women’s movements
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5
Q

what was the ‘report on american women’ 1963

A
  • survey worked on by several highly educated women
  • ready by elite
  • found statistics of unequal pay, opportunities, political participation & status disturbing
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6
Q

when was the feminine mystique by betty freidan published

A

1963

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7
Q

what was the feminine mystique about

A

expressed (mainly middle-class) women’s discontent with post-war period

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8
Q

kennedys assassination

A

1963

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9
Q

who succeeded kennedy

A

lyndon b. johnson

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10
Q

what did johnson introduce

A

johnson’s ‘great society’

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11
Q

what problems did johnson’s new impetus for reform face

A
  • not united in aims
  • face considerable conservative opposition
  • neither of political parties took up causes directly
  • radical supporters often alienated mainstream support
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12
Q

what was expressed in the NOW conference 1967

A

women’s demand for abortion & ‘the right of women to control their own reproductive lives’

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13
Q

give an example of a breakaway women’s group, their disagreement with NOW & what they fought for/results

A

eg. women’s equality league action
- rejected NOW’s support for abortion-law reform
- pressed hard for equality in education
- brought action against 300 schools/colleges who were discriminating on women

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14
Q

who did NOW bring legal action against

A
  • employers who broke the 1967 executive order against sex discrimination by companies with federal contracts
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15
Q

what was a major focus of womens organisations from 1970

A

passing of the ERA

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16
Q

wording of ERA

A

equality of rights under law shall not be denied/abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex

17
Q

when did the ERA get to the stage of being debated by congress & how

A

1972
- due to increased pressure from NOW & other women’s groups

18
Q

from when did the ERA become the expressed policy of NOW

A

1967

19
Q

what did supporters of the ERA do in 1970

A

picketed congress & disrupted a congressional committee considering lowering the voting age in order to raise the equality issue

20
Q

what happened in august 1972

A

strike of 20,000 women calling for full equality

21
Q

what marked the most significant expansion of militancy since 1890-1917

A
  • betty friedans ardent advocacy - supported by congressman martha griffiths
  • plenty of direct action/demonstrations
22
Q

martha griffiths

A
  • lawyer who in 1954 became 1st female democrat elected to congress by michigan
  • campaigner for women’s rights who successfully got sex discrimination included in civil rights act of 1964
  • went on to be assistant governor of michigan
23
Q

what passed the house of representatives in 1972
- what passed congress

A

resolution introduced by martha griffiths calling for an equal rights amendment
- an edited version, exempting women from the draft, passed congress

24
Q

how many states accepted the amendment

A

30

25
Q

draft

A

us term for conscription/calling up civilians for military service

26
Q

opposition to ERA

A
  • phyllis schlafly
27
Q

phyllis schlafly

A
  • born in st louis
  • financed college education via testing machine guns in arms factory during war
  • conservative journalist
  • wrote in support of family values & against feminism
  • thought real right of a woman was to stay at home
28
Q

what was able to stop the amendment being ratified

A

movr towards conservatism - led to victory of repuboican ronald reagan in 1980

29
Q

who wrote ‘sexual politics’ in 1970

A

kate millett

30
Q

kate millets view

A

‘every avenue of power is entirely in male hands’

31
Q

what was the lack of political equality mirrored in

A

econokic equality

32
Q

eg of economic equality

A

female wages were avg. 63% of mens in 1956
—> by time of 1970s = 57%

33
Q

political movement of 1970s-1980s

A
  • 80,000-100,000 women participated in some form of womens group
  • social agenda was wider: health, abortion, marriage/divorce, sexuality & rights for older women/working women
  • ‘second wave’ feminism
34
Q

situation by 1992

A
  • 1980s saw expansion of education for women —> nearly 1/2 undergraduate & masters degrees = women
  • old culture persisted
  • proportion in science & engineering = much lower
  • many still studied ‘female subjects’ & had ‘female jobs’
  • limited no. of women in decision-making positions
  • women paid on average 32% less than men
35
Q

how many women were engineers in 1990

A

fewer than 8%

36
Q

major political developments/not by 1992

A
  • nineteenth amendment
  • NOT = failure of ERA
37
Q

first women to be appointed to supreme court & hold major diplomatic post

A

= jeanne fitzpatrick 1981
appointed ambassador to united states