Oceans & Cryosphere

Question 1

Most solar energy in the ocean is located

Answer 1

-in the central part, it is warmer

Question 2

Where do highest ocean temperature occur

Answer 2

-at the ITCZ at highest pressures

Question 3

Ocean Salinity

Answer 3

-dissolved solids per volume (or mass)

Question 4

Worldwide average salinity

Answer 4

is 3.5%

Question 5

Salinity is brine when…

Answer 5

salinity it is greater than 3.5%

Question 6

Salinity is brackish when…

Answer 6

salinity is less than 3.5%

Question 7

The water is fresh and then drinkable if..

Answer 7

Salinity is < 0.1%, drinkable at <0.006%

Question 8

Practical Salinity Units

Answer 8

-way to measure salinity through conductivity

Question 9

99% Seawater Composition (solids)

Answer 9

Chlorine, Sodium, Magnesium
sulfur calcium potassium
bromine

Question 10

Mean Ocean pH

Answer 10

8.2

Question 11

Ocean Acidification

Answer 11

• ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
• forms carbonic acid in seawater
• reduces ocean pH

Question 12

Cryosphere

Answer 12

-refers to glaciers -> kryo is greek for cold

Question 13

Two types of Glaciers

Answer 13

• continental (ice sheets) and sea ice (high latitudes)

- alpine glaciers (>5 km in tropics, sea level in polar regions)

Question 14

Glacial Formation

Answer 14

• ice crystals in clouds make snow
• accumulates
• compacts
• sintering ( pressure up, temperature up –> fusion)
• ice (further compacted)

Question 15

Cryosphere Glaciers subject to movement via:

Answer 15

• flow of ice within glacier

- migration of terminus with the advance and retreat of glacier

Question 16

Sea Level Rice (since ice age, since late 19th century)

Answer 16

• 120 m since ice age

- 200 mm since 19th century

Question 17

Sea Level Rise due to:

Answer 17

• thermal expansion
• increased input -> melting of the cryosphere
• ground water expansion