Obstacles to Unification 1861-1870

Question 1

What were the main obstacles to unification come 1861-1870?

Answer 1

France/Austria in Rome and Venetia
Death of Cavour/political weakness
The papacy
The south
Piedmontisation
The Brigands War 1861-1865
Socioeconomic situation

Question 2

Why were the French an obstacle to unity?

Answer 2

They occupied Rome

Question 3

What was the 1864 September Convention?

Answer 3

Turin to Florence, France would leave Rome

Question 4

What did the 1864 September Convention lead to?

Answer 4

Riots in Turin, 23 dead

Question 5

Why did Austria still have power in Italy?

Answer 5

Maintained control in Venetia

Had the backing of the Great Powers including Britaina dn notably Queen Victoria

Question 6

What did Cavour die of?

Answer 6

June 1861 - malaria

Question 7

Name the first 5 PMs after Cavour’s death in five years?

Answer 7

Ricasoli
Rattazzi
Farini
Minghetti
La Marmora

Question 8

What percentage of the population made up the electorate?

Answer 8

2.2%

Question 9

What positive policies were introduced?

Answer 9

• criminal legal code/civil law code
• united army under Prussian guidance
• united navy
• united education system (under state control)

Question 10

Why did the Pope oppose Cavour?

Answer 10

Lost 2/3 of his land

Question 11

What was the period of control with Pope and VEII leading?

Answer 11

Fractious cohabitation

Question 12

How was church power questioned?

Answer 12

1859 Darwin ‘Origin of Species’

1860 Ernest Renan - Bible inaccurate

Question 13

When was the Syllabus of Errors published by the Pope?

Answer 13

1864

Question 14

What did the Syllabus of Errors state?

Answer 14

church control education
church says no to religious tolerance
church reasserts temporal power

Question 15

What was Piedmont’s response to the Pope?

Answer 15

Increased taxation

Question 16

What was papal infallibility?

Answer 16

1869 pope unquestionable

Question 17

Why was the south a problem?

Answer 17

south didn’t agree to everything because of plebiscite corruption (Nice no nos) and they wanted to get rid of repression

Question 18

Why did Piedmontese leaders have very little knowledge of the south?

Answer 18

Cavour never travelled past Tuscany

Question 19

Why was Piedmontisation an issue?

Answer 19

Naples - 53 decrees, 2 days

Question 20

What did Piedmontisation entail?

Answer 20

Standardised coinage, measures, weights
Piedmontese constitution became Italian
Dissolution of 2382 monasteries to pay for Piedmontisation (upset religious feelings and no charitable institutions remaining)

Question 21

When was the Brigands War?

Answer 21

1861-1865

Question 22

Why did brigandage increase in the south?

Answer 22

Conscription and increased taxes

Question 23

Which Brigand leader fled in 1865?

Answer 23

Carmine Crocco

Question 24

What were the brigands tactics?

Answer 24

Rob, murder, assassinate

Question 25

What four factors led to a poor socioeconomic status in Italy?

Answer 25

Debt
Land Sales
Agriculture/Industry
Transport

Question 26

Why was debt a problem?

Answer 26

2450 million Lire debt after 1850 Cavour policies
Took on debt of all states
1865 Flour Tax
1868 Grist Tax - led to riots, 250 killed
1/3 Italian bonds in foreign hands
Peasants moved to cities (poor living conditions)

Question 27

Why was industry an issue?

Answer 27

30% of produce went to debt repayment
Nassau Senior: production = Roman Empire
Only 3,000,000 in industry by 1861
Lack of coal

Question 28

Why were land sales an issue

Answer 28

Peasant farmers had no capital and had to sell land

In the south, common land removed

Question 29

Why was transport an issue?

Answer 29

Little interest in canals
No railways in Sardinia/Sicily
Dual economy created

Question 30

What improvements were made to transport?

Answer 30

1857 Venetian and Lombard railways linked
1857 Mount Cenis tunnel completion
Used roads built by Roman Empire