Encouragement/Discouragement of Unification 1815-1848 Flashcards
Who engineered the 1815 Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
Who was to have control of Lombardy and Venetia following 1815 Vienna Settlement?
Austrian emperor
Who took control of Piedmont-Sardinia after 1815 Vienna Settlement
Victor Emmanuel I
What did Victor Emmanuel I do when he received power as a consequence of 1815 Congress of Vienna
Withdrew Code Napoleon
Restored Catholic church control
Who was to have control of the Papal States as a result of the Vienna Settlement?
The Pope with temporal power
Who was to have control of Tuscany as a result of the Vienna Settlement?
King Ferdinand III, brother of the Austrian emperor
Who was to have control of Parma as a result of the Vienna Settlement?
Duchess Marie-Louise, daughter of the Austrian emperor
Who was to have control of Modena as a result of the Vienna Settlement?
Duke Francis IV
Who was to have control of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as a result of the Vienna Settlement?
Ferdinand I who got rid of the 1816 Sicilian Constitution that the British had passed
What was the 1820 Troppau Protocol
An alliance between Russia, Prussia and Austria
Who was Klemens von Metternich
the Austrian minister of foreign affairs
What socioeconomic conditions made unity different in 1830-1840
Land, communications and famine
How was land a barrier to unity 1830-40
Soil was inferior in the south
South crippled with malaria (300,000 deaths annually)
Loss of common land devastating for poor
How was communication a barrier to unity 1830-40?
No integrated transport system
Apennine Mountains barrier between east/west
Diversity of language and cultures meant that only 25% spoke Italian language
How was famine/disease a barrier to unity 1830-40?
Famines in 1814-18, mid-1840s and 1853
Poor based diet on maize which led to pellagra
Cholera outbreaks in 1837, 1849 and 1855
Deforestation led to landslides/swamps
What encouraged national unity 1815-1840
Napoleonic legacy
Growth of liberalism
Growth of nationalism
Other elements of the ‘risorgimento’
How did the Napoleonic legacy encourage national unity?
Code Napoleon had introduced liberal advances such as construction of street lamps
Italy united into three unions
How did liberalism grow 1815-1840
Middle class wished to regain the influence they had had under French rule 1796-1815 The growth of secret societies led to spread of liberal concepts
What was the Carbonari
Southern secret society
60,000 Neapolitan members
Led 1820-21 revolutions in Naples
What was the Federati
Northern secret society
led by Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri
anti-Austrian ideas
What was the Spillo Negro
Operated in the Papal States
had liberal ideas, desiring less papal control/restrictions
What thoughts did Giuseppe Mazzini have?
‘brotherhood of the people’ ‘whole of Italy’
contempt to imperialism/xenophobia
revolution ‘from below’
promotion of democracy including women’s rights and education
What did Mazzini do in 1831?
Found Young Italy organisation and journal
Write to Charles Albert offering plans for Italy with CA in charge but he received no reply
Which secret society did Mazzini subscribe to until 1831?
The Carbonari (disillusioned in 1831)
How many articles and books did Mazzini write?
10,000 articles, 100 books
Who did Mazzini convert to nationalist cause?
Garibaldi
How many years was Mazzini absent from Italy?
40 years spent in London and Switzerland
What book did Cesare Balbo write?
1844 ‘On the Hopes of Italy’
What did Cesare Balbo desire?
Federation of states
no French/Austrian control
leadership of Charles Albert (progressive monarch who extended construction of railways/University of Turin)
What book did Vincenzo Gioberti write?
1843 ‘Primato’
What did Vincenzo Gioberti desire?
Federation of states
Leadership of the Pope/Catholic church (Pius IX had liberal sympathies such as releasing 2000 political prisoners and reforming education)
neo-Guelphism
What book did Massimo d’Azeglio write?
1845 ‘On Recent events in Romagna’
What did Massimo d’Azeglio desire?
critical of papal rule/revolutionaries
should rid Italy of foreign powers through international support
desired leadership of Charles Albert + Piedmont
Which national society was formed in 1839?
1839-47 Congress of Science who spoke in Italian language
Who incorporated anti-Austrian messages into his operas?
Giuseppe Verdi
