obstacles to unification

Question 1

what are your main points?

Answer 1

• Foreign powers (F)
• papacy (P)
• brigands war and southern question (B)
• economic and social backwardsness (E)

Question 2

F- what meant that unification was not complete in 1861

Answer 2

french troops were still inside rome and napoleon III would not withdraw them

Question 3

F- what did napoleon propose in late 1860

Answer 3

if umbria and the marches were reterned to papal power and Abruzzi added the french would leave

Question 4

F- when was the september convention

Answer 4

september 1864

Question 5

F- what did the september convention agree upon

Answer 5

Napoleon evacuating rome if the italian capitol was switched from Turin to Florence

Question 6

F- who was the italian government lead by when they agreed to the septeber convention

Answer 6

Minghitti

Question 7

F- what happened in protests over the september agreement

Answer 7

23 people died rioting in turin, VEII sacked Minghetti

Question 8

F- why was austria not willing to give up venitia

Answer 8

they had lost lombardy
the great powers also supported austrias position to maintain the balance of power

Question 9

P- when did cavour face lots of opposition from the pope

Answer 9

march 1861

Question 10

P- why did the pope oppose Cavour so much

Answer 10

the pope had lost 2/3rds of his land to the new kingdom

Question 11

P- what was fractious cohabitation

Answer 11

an uneasy relationship between church and state

Question 12

P- what did margotti argue, and when?

Answer 12

that catholics should be “neither electors nor elected”
1858

Question 13

P- who was margotti

Answer 13

an editor for a catholic paper

Question 14

P- what example of scientific discovery put the churches power under pressure

Answer 14

Darwins origin of species (1859)

Question 15

P- what was the first point in the syllabus of errors

Answer 15

1- the church would retain control over the edcuation system and all culture and science

Question 16

P- what was the second point in the syllabus of errors

Answer 16

2- the catholic church rejected all ideas of tolerence for other religions

Question 17

P- what was the third point in the syllabus of errors

Answer 17

3- the church reasserted its temporal power

Question 18

P- what was the fourth point in the syllabus of errors

Answer 18

4- it criticised liberalism, attaked religious tolerence, freedom of expression and socialism, nationalism and communism

Question 19

P- what was the fifth point in the syllabus of errors

Answer 19

5- it would not accept progress and modern civilisation

Question 20

P- what did the italian state do in response to the syllabus of errors

Answer 20

attaked church property, made them pay increased taxes to the state

Question 21

P- what did the italian state do in 1866

Answer 21

demanded the church hand over property

Question 22

P- what did the church then change its attention to?

Answer 22

the spiritual role.

Question 23

P- what dd the vatican council agree to in 1869

Answer 23

the dogma of papal infallibility

Question 24

P- when was the dogma of papal infallabiity proclaimed?

Answer 24

july 1870

Question 25

P- what did the pope declare in 1870

Answer 25

himself a ‘prisoner of the vatican’

Question 26

B- what left a power vacuum in the south

Answer 26

the collapse of bourbon rule

Question 27

B- what did the new Gov of italy increase taxes for

Answer 27

to pay for the 2.5 billion lire debt caused by the war

Question 28

B- agents of who stirred up unrest in the south?

Answer 28

King Francis II

Question 29

B- what did conscription do

Answer 29

took young men from their families and farms where they were needed

Question 30

B- how meny men fled to the hills to avoid conscription?

Answer 30

25,000 In 1861

Question 31

B- what did pwople do in the west of sicily?

Answer 31

joined the mafia

Question 32

B- what did general Cialdini order?

Answer 32

he ordered that bourbon soldiers should be shot if found with weapons

Question 33

B- what did the brigand war do

Answer 33

claimed more lives than all the wars of italian independence

Question 34

B- what size army did the piedmontese deploy to deal with the brigands

Answer 34

120,000

Question 35

B- by what year was it estimated that there were 82,000 brigands in neapolitan provinces

Answer 35

1862

Question 36

B- which brigand leader fled

Answer 36

crocco

Question 37

B- by 1862 how many estimated brigands were in neapolitan provinces

Answer 37

82,000

Question 38

B- when was there a week long rebellion in sicily

Answer 38

1866, resulted in 3 days of bitter street fighting

Question 39

E- why was the italian economy in shambles

Answer 39

cavours policies of 1850 left a defecit og 2,450 million lire by 1861

Question 40

E- what things meant that italy had to spend money

Answer 40

the upkeep of the army to keep peace in the south and to invade rome or venitia, need to modernise with trains and roads

Question 41

E- what did the need to spend money lead to

Answer 41

unpopular taxes like the 1865 flour tax

Question 42

E- by the 1860s what fraction of italian bonds were in foreign hands

Answer 42

1/3

Question 43

E- by 1866 the defecit took up how much state expenditure

Answer 43

60%

Question 44

E- when was the grist tax introduced

Answer 44

1868

Question 45

E- how many deaths and injuries did the grist tax lead to?

Answer 45

250 deaths 1,000 wounded in riots

Question 46

E- when was the act that lead to the sale of church land(9 in 9)

Answer 46

1867

Question 47

E- how much church land was sold in the 9 years following the act

Answer 47

9 million acres

Question 48

E- what agricultural problems did italy face

Answer 48

30% of each years produce was used for debt repayment

Question 49

E- which economist estimated that agriculture was the same as the roman empire

Answer 49

Nassau Senior

Question 50

E- how many people were employed in industry by 1861

Answer 50

3 million

Question 51

E- what percent of those employed in insustry were women and children

Answer 51

80%

Question 52

E- by unification how many km of railway did italy have

Answer 52

2,773km

Question 53

E- what two areas had no railways at all

Answer 53

Sardinia and Sicily

Question 54

E- what did the mount cenis tunnell cause

Answer 54

a dual economy