obstacles to unification Flashcards
what are your main points?
- Foreign powers (F)
- papacy (P)
- brigands war and southern question (B)
- economic and social backwardsness (E)
F- what meant that unification was not complete in 1861
french troops were still inside rome and napoleon III would not withdraw them
F- what did napoleon propose in late 1860
if umbria and the marches were reterned to papal power and Abruzzi added the french would leave
F- when was the september convention
september 1864
F- what did the september convention agree upon
Napoleon evacuating rome if the italian capitol was switched from Turin to Florence
F- who was the italian government lead by when they agreed to the septeber convention
Minghitti
F- what happened in protests over the september agreement
23 people died rioting in turin, VEII sacked Minghetti
F- why was austria not willing to give up venitia
they had lost lombardy
the great powers also supported austrias position to maintain the balance of power
P- when did cavour face lots of opposition from the pope
march 1861
P- why did the pope oppose Cavour so much
the pope had lost 2/3rds of his land to the new kingdom
P- what was fractious cohabitation
an uneasy relationship between church and state
P- what did margotti argue, and when?
that catholics should be “neither electors nor elected”
1858
P- who was margotti
an editor for a catholic paper
P- what example of scientific discovery put the churches power under pressure
Darwins origin of species (1859)
P- what was the first point in the syllabus of errors
1- the church would retain control over the edcuation system and all culture and science
P- what was the second point in the syllabus of errors
2- the catholic church rejected all ideas of tolerence for other religions
P- what was the third point in the syllabus of errors
3- the church reasserted its temporal power
P- what was the fourth point in the syllabus of errors
4- it criticised liberalism, attaked religious tolerence, freedom of expression and socialism, nationalism and communism
P- what was the fifth point in the syllabus of errors
5- it would not accept progress and modern civilisation
P- what did the italian state do in response to the syllabus of errors
attaked church property, made them pay increased taxes to the state
P- what did the italian state do in 1866
demanded the church hand over property
P- what did the church then change its attention to?
the spiritual role.
P- what dd the vatican council agree to in 1869
the dogma of papal infallibility
P- when was the dogma of papal infallabiity proclaimed?
july 1870
P- what did the pope declare in 1870
himself a ‘prisoner of the vatican’
B- what left a power vacuum in the south
the collapse of bourbon rule
B- what did the new Gov of italy increase taxes for
to pay for the 2.5 billion lire debt caused by the war
B- agents of who stirred up unrest in the south?
King Francis II
B- what did conscription do
took young men from their families and farms where they were needed
B- how meny men fled to the hills to avoid conscription?
25,000 In 1861
B- what did pwople do in the west of sicily?
joined the mafia
B- what did general Cialdini order?
he ordered that bourbon soldiers should be shot if found with weapons
B- what did the brigand war do
claimed more lives than all the wars of italian independence
B- what size army did the piedmontese deploy to deal with the brigands
120,000
B- by what year was it estimated that there were 82,000 brigands in neapolitan provinces
1862
B- which brigand leader fled
crocco
B- by 1862 how many estimated brigands were in neapolitan provinces
82,000
B- when was there a week long rebellion in sicily
1866, resulted in 3 days of bitter street fighting
E- why was the italian economy in shambles
cavours policies of 1850 left a defecit og 2,450 million lire by 1861
E- what things meant that italy had to spend money
the upkeep of the army to keep peace in the south and to invade rome or venitia, need to modernise with trains and roads
E- what did the need to spend money lead to
unpopular taxes like the 1865 flour tax
E- by the 1860s what fraction of italian bonds were in foreign hands
1/3
E- by 1866 the defecit took up how much state expenditure
60%
E- when was the grist tax introduced
1868
E- how many deaths and injuries did the grist tax lead to?
250 deaths 1,000 wounded in riots
E- when was the act that lead to the sale of church land(9 in 9)
1867
E- how much church land was sold in the 9 years following the act
9 million acres
E- what agricultural problems did italy face
30% of each years produce was used for debt repayment
E- which economist estimated that agriculture was the same as the roman empire
Nassau Senior
E- how many people were employed in industry by 1861
3 million
E- what percent of those employed in insustry were women and children
80%
E- by unification how many km of railway did italy have
2,773km
E- what two areas had no railways at all
Sardinia and Sicily
E- what did the mount cenis tunnell cause
a dual economy
