booklet 4 Flashcards
in late 1860 what did napoleon propose
that if umbria and the marches were reterned to papal power and abruzzi added then the french would leave
when was the september convention
september 1864
what was agreed at the september convention
napoleon would evacuate rome in retern for the italian capiol to turn from turin to florence
how many people died rioting about the september convention
23
which prime minister agreed to the september convention
minghetti
why did the great powers support austrias power
to maintain the balance of power in europe
who did cavour attempt to encourage to start an uprising
hugarian revolutionary leaders
how was austrias power weakened 1862
the increasing power of prussia, and their free trade treaty with france 1862
when did cavour die
june 1861
how did cavour die
malaria
what did garibaldi set up to attack rome 1862
the society for the emancipication of rome
when did garibaldi set up the society for the emancipication of rome
1862
who tried to stab the king
prime minister farini
what did mazzini describe the new italy as
a “sham”
what percent of the population was the electorate
2%
how many members of parliament were there (1861-)
443
how many voters voted for MPs
150,000
what was the population of italy (1861-)
27 million
where was a single criminal legal code adopted
everywhere but tuscany
by what time had a civil law code been adopted for all of italy
1865
what countries guidence helped the italian army
prussias
what fraction of land had the pope lost to the new system
2/3rds
due to the churches ignorance of cavour what developed
a period of fractious cohabition
who and when was it argued that catholics should be “neither electors or elected”
margotti
1858
when was darwins thoery of evolution
1859
what was the catholic churches reaction to changing attitudes
it issued the syllabus of errors
what was the syllabus of errors
- church would remain in control of the education system culture and science
- regected ideas of tolerence towards other religeons
- reasserted temporal power
- critisized liberalism
- wouldnt accept progress
what was the response of italy to the “syllabus of errors”
increased taxation of the church
when did italy demand the church hand over property
1866
when was the dogma of papal infallabilty thought up
1869, the vatican council met and agreed to it
what was the dogma of papal infallability
it argued that the popes statments were indisputable
when was the dogma of papal infallability proclaimed
july 1870
when did the pope declare himself a prisoner of the vatican
after the ennexation of rome 1870
who replaced cavour
ricasoli
why were the plebicited of 1860 negative
people voted against the tryranny of the rulers not FOR piedmontisation
how were the plebecite voting systems corrupt
in nice the “no” slips werent even brought to the voting stations
what law made primary education compulsory
casati law
why didnt the casati law happen in the south
the majority of the population were illiterate
when was an uprising of bourbon agents
october 1860
How many decrees was the legal system changed by in and in how much time
52 decrees in 2 days
When was the legal system of nap,es changed dramatically
February 1861
How many providences did piedmont divide the new kingdom into
53
What was the first major drawback of piedmontisation
It showed ignorance of regional affairs in Italy
What was the furthest south Cavour ever travelled
Tuscany
How was education payed for
By attacking the church and raising taxes
How many monasteries were disillusioned after 1861?
2,382
Why was the dissolution of monasteries so terrible
It meant the removal of many charitable institutions
What was a negative to the jury system adopted in the south
The mafia was able to corrupt and intimidate jurors
What was the second drawback to piedmontisation
Lack of resources, both financial and human
What did Mack smith say about piedmontisation
It ‘“reinforced the impression that one region had vertically conquered the rest”
Why was Lombardy upset by piedmontisation
They were promised their own constitution, legal system and local government but it was swept aside
When did Modena vote for annexation by piedmont
August 1860
Who led Modena when it was annexed by piedmont
Farina
What was Tuscany the exception to
Piedmontisation- at least in the short term
Why was Tuscany able to retain customs and legal systems (in the short term)
The very powerful baron, baron ricasoli
What were brigands
Bandits who had lived in the mountains and forests during the napoleonic wars
What were the brigands seen as
Protesters of the south
What did the collapse of bourbon rule lead to
A power vacuum
What was the amount of debt, that caused taxes to be increased to pay it off ( in lire)
2.5 billion lire
Agents of who were stirring up unrest
Bourbon ruler king Francis II
Why was conscription a terrible idea
It took young men away from their farms and families where they were needed on farms
When did young men take time the hills to avoid conscription
1861
how many young men took to the hills to avoid conscription
25,000
What did many people in the west of Sicily do because of hatred towards victor Emmanuel
Join the mafia
Who ordered that bourbon soldiers should be shot if found with weapons
General cialdini
How many of the brigands were convicts
1,000
What size army did the Piedmontese deploy to deal with the brigands
120,000
In 1860 how many estimated brigands were there
82,000
When were there 82,000 brigands troops
1862
In 1863 how many troops were engaged in peace keeping
90,000
Name a brigands leader
Crocco
In what year was there a week long rebellion in Palermo, Sicily
1866
what education law was never introduced in the south
casati law
how many brigands were there
82,000
what had cavours policies of the 1850s caused
2,450 million lire defecit
by when was there a 2,450 million lire defecit
1861
what unpopular tax was introuduced in 1865
the flour tax
ewhen was the flour tax introduced
1865
by the mid 1860s what fraction of italian bonds were in foreign hands
1/3
by 1866 what percent of state expenditure did the defecit make up
60%
what was the grist tax and when was it
1868
a tax on the milling of cornwh
what did the grist tax lead to
250 deaths
1,000 wounded in riots
when did the state begin to sell the churches land
1867
in what amount of years was how many acres of church land sold
9 years nearly 9 million acres
who bought the land in the north
peasent farmers
who bought the land in the south
middle classes
who removed common land in the south
latifundia owners
what percent of each years produce was used for debt repayment
30%
what did conservative attitudes in the centre and south of italy mean
a distrust of paper money
borrowing was seen as immoral
how many people were employed in industry by ___
1861
3 million people
what percent of industruy workers were women and children
80%
in what two areas of italy where there no railroads at all
sardinia and sicily
when did the railroads pass into private hands
1865
what was created (econ)
a dual economy
what terms did martin clark come up with
real italy and legal italy
why would it be hard for piedmont to gain venitia and rome
it meant dealing with more than one great power at a time
what was formd in december 1861
the italian freedom association
when was the italian freedom association formed
december 1861
when was a group of garibaldi followers arrested on the austrian border
may 1862
who led the group of garibaldi followers who got arrested
nullo
why did victor emmanuel want a war
it would distract the citizens from the situation in the south
how much did la marmora offer to pay austria for venitia
1,000 million lire
where and when did prussian minister bismarck meet with france
biarritz 1865
when did italy declare war on austria
4 days after prussia- 20th june 1866
how many troops were there italy VS austria
250,000 italians
VS
130,000 austrians
how many ironclad ships italy VS austria
12 italy
VS
7 austria
why did admiral persano lead the italian fleet
bribery
what did bad organisaytion of the italian army lead to
only 25% of the army ever reached the front lines
when did italian troops fight at custozza
24th june
when was persanos fleet destroyed
july, at the battle of lissa
what did persano loose at lissa
the “re d’italia” the pride of the italian navy
how many shells did persano shoot and how many hit the mark
1,450 shells and not one major hit
when did bismarck (prussia) sign an armistice
july 26, deserting its italian ally
what was the outcome of the third war of independance
failure- no heroism acchieved
how did italy gain venitia
austria gave it to france who gave it to italy
what was the result of the venitian plebecites
647,246 to 69
when was there a great rejoicing in venitia
october 1866
how was the great debt caused by the war to be paid for
nationalising church land 1867
introducing the grist tax 1868
when had piedmont defeated papal forces on their way to meet garibaldi
at castelfidaro september 1860
what made it even less likely for the pope and italy to be able to negotate
the syllabus of errors
when was it agreed that france would keep its troops in rome
the french chamber of deputies and senate march 1861
when was garibaldis failed attempt to take rome
1862
what did the september convention 1864 agree to
the pope raising an army of 10,000 troops for protection and france leaving within two years
what was a downside of guarding rome for the french
it was very expensive
how many died in riots about the september convention
23
which PM was sacked due to the september convention
Minghetti
when was the government moved to tuscany
1865
when had the last french troops left rome
1866
when and why did the french troops retern to rome
garibaldi tried to seize rome a second time
reterned in 1867
when did the french stay until (after garibaldis second attack)
1870
when did garibaldi leave caprera
1862
how many did garibaldi gather for his “party of action”
4,000 men
when was garibaldi stopped by piedmontese troops
29th august
where was garibaldi stopped
aspromonte
where was garibaldi shot in aspromonte
the foot
what did garibaldi do after florence was proclaimed capital
he escaped house arrest on caprera and sailed to the mainland
what did garibaldi want his men to do
“to capture rome and abolish the pope”
why was garibaldi defeated 1867
france sent troops back with modern breech-loading rifles
when was garibaldi defeated at mentana
november 3rd 1867
why did france withdraw the roman garrison (not sept conv)
to fight prussia
what did PM lanza gain
a formal agreement with spain, austria and catholic german states to send italian troops into rome
who did VEII send to thepope with a proposal
Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino
what was the letter sent to the pope
a face-saving proposal
what was the face saving proposal to the pope
the pope would allow the italian army in under the guise of offering protection
what did the pope say at his reception of san martino
“fine loyalty! you are all a set of vipers, of white sepulchers, and wanting in faith”
