Booklet 1 Flashcards
what were the names of the italian states
papal states, piedmont-sardinia, lombardy, venitia, parma, modena, tuscany, kingdom of two sicilies
who were the ruling family of piedmont
the house of savoy
who were the ruling family of the central dutchies
lorraines
who were the ruling family of naples
bourbons
how many troops were sent to russia because of france pre 1830s
27,000
how many of the 27,000 sent returned
1,000
what percent of italian tax went to the french military pre 1830s
60%
what did france do to the italian states
divided italy into 4 republics
what was the name of the treaty that reasserted austrian control of vienna
treaty of vienna
what did liberals want for italy
a say in government
-constituition
-free trials
-free speach
what did radicals want for italy
-representation
-free from austrian control
-a republic
how were austria able to keep tight military control over venitia and lombardy
quadrilatteral fortress cities
how did ferdinand III allow tuscany to become more enlightened (4 ways)
-girls education
-expanded health facilities
-improved education
-reorganised the universities of pisa and siena
what were jesuits
catholic priests who enforced catholic practices
what were zealots
popes , fanatical uncompromising religeon
what were the inquisition
court trials
define reactionary
opposing political or social progress or reform
how was ferdinand of naples reactionary
he granted no constitutional reforms and scrapped sicilian constitution 1812
what were the cultural influences of risorgimento
music: rossinis ‘william tell’
literature: john of procida niccolini
poets: giacomo leopardi
what percent of italians were catholic
over 90%
what is political apathy
where people do not care about politics, focused on living
what is parochialism
a limited narrow outlook, narrow mindset
who were the great powers
russia, prussia, britain, france, austria
what was the name of the austrian chancellor who wouldn’t allow any form of nationalism
metternich
list 5 secret societies
- carbonari
- spillo negro
- latinisi
- federati
- aldelfi
what were the weaknesses of the secret societies
- too scattered
- didn’t challenge Austria
- only middle class
who made up the revolutionaries in modena and parma 1830
students
why did students revolt in marma and modena 1830
they demanded a constitution from marie-louise
what was the reason for revolt in the papal states
hatred of the rule of the church
3 reasons for the failure of 1830 revolutions
- local affairs little organisation
- too relient on small secret societies
- support wasnt widely encouraged
what was the risorgimento
a movement with the aim of uniting the italian peninsula
why was constitutional change not a priority for most italians
they were politically apathetic
what were the riformisti
a group with the belief of ecanomic resurgance
what was life expectancy in naples 1840s
24 years old
what wasthe name of mazzinis group
young italy
list 3 aims of young italy
-freedom from Austria
-unity of providences/Italy
-a republic with fair rights for all
list 3 actions of young italy in the 30s and 40s
-1831 genoa revolts
-1844 bandiero brothers
-1833 piedmontese army
what are the 4 reasons for mazzinis failure
- didnt include lowerclass peasents
-his attitude prevented support from france
-republic stance alianated rulers
-40 years out of italy
what was the albertisti
the group that believed the king of piedmont should rule italy (charles albert)
who supported the albertisti
balbo and azeglio
what were neo-geulphs
people who supported the pope to lead italian federation
who supported the neo-geulphs
gioberti
what was azeglios anti- austrian anti-papal book called
on recent events in romagna
when was azeglios book written
1846
why did a revolution break out in sicily (1848)
-bourbons repression (ferdinand I)
-outbreak of cholera
what sparked 1848 revolutions in naples
- secret societies
- famine
- revolution in sicily
what were the 5 glorious days milan
10,000 people petition for liberal reforms, barricades with austrians and anti austrians on either side, austria fled to the quadrilatteral- inspired by tobacco boycott
where did danial manin set up a republic
venitia
when did chares albert declare war on austria
march 22nd 1848
what did papal allocution april 29th say
that the pope did not support the war with austria- charles albert is the aggravator- papacy didnt want italy united
how did the papal allocution effect charles albert
it weakened him and caused his catholic followers to leave
what battle did charles albert lose july 1848
battle of custozza 24th july
what nickname did ferdinand of naples get and why
king bomba
he bombed his own city
what battle did charles albert loose march 1849
battle of novara 23rd march
when was the roman republic declared
febuary 1849
why does the roman republic collapse
20,000 french troops put city under seige
whos reputation is raised due to his defence of the roman republic
Garibaldi
When did napoleon divide Italy into 4 separate republics
1798
The French army conscripts- how ,any left and how many returned
27,000 went to Russia 1,000 returned
What was the ‘restored order’
,the state of Italy after the congress of Vienna 1815
Who had piedmont after 1815
The house of savoy
Who had Lombardy and Venetia after 1815
An Austrian viceroy
Who had the central dutchies post 1815
Dukes and dutchesses appointed by Austria
Who had the Papal States post 1815
The pope
Who had nap,es post 1815
The bourbons
What did Austrian chancellor Metternich want
“To extinguish the spirit of Italian unity”
What was the population of Lombardy in 1815
130,000
What was the poorest region of Italy
The south
What percentage of Italians worked on the land c1815
90%
What was the political state of most of the Italian states 1830
Reactionary
What class type dominated piedmont-Sardinia 1830
Middle class
Why was working the land so difficult in the south
Poor rain and malaria ran rife
What are the names of the Italian states
-Papal States
-piedmont-Sardinia
-Lombardy
-Venetia
-Parma
-Modena
-Tuscany
-Kingdom of two Sicilians
What family ruled the central dutchies
The Lorraine’s
What was the name of the treaty that reasserted Austrian control over Italy
Congress of Vienna
What did the liberals want for Italy
- constitution
- free trade
- free speech
What did the radicals want for Italy
- representation
- to be free from Austrian control
- a republic
How were the Austrians able to keep control over Venetia and Lombardy
Quadrilateral
Who allowed Tuscany to become more enlightened
Ferdinand III
What was a Jesuit
An extreme catholic
How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary
He cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812
Over what percentage of Italians were Roman Catholic
90%
What were zealots
A series of hard lined popes
how did the treaty of vienna effect pius VII
he was restored to his full power
what percent of itali spoke “italian”
3%
what was the holy allience
an allience between prussia and russia and austria
what is nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nation. especially : a sense of national consciousness
what is liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty
what is radicalism
the beliefs or actions of people who advocate thorough or complete political or social reform.
what were secret societies said to have developed from
18th century freemasonry
where were the carbonari active
in the south
how many carbonari members were there in naples
60,000
what percent of the adult population of naples were carbonari members
5%
what were the carbonari fighting for
to gain constitutions and more rights from monarchs
where were the federati popular
in the north
who led the modena and parma revolutions
enrico misley - he trusted his leader duke francis IV
what did francis do it retern for enrico telling him his plans
he betrayed him and had him arrested
what did francis do after betraying enrico misley
he travelled to austria to ask for help with any future revolutions
what happened in duke francis IV’s absence
revolutionaries took over modena and established a provisional government
what happened in parma
students were encouraged by modena and roited against duchess marie-louise
what heppened when duke francis IV reterned
he had austrian army with him who crushed the revolutionaries
when was a provisional government established in bologna
1831w
what was bolognas privisional government called
“the government of the italian provinces”
why did the revolutions fail
- localised
- moderates
- lacked popular support
- ill equipt
- french failure
- austrian power
when was the idea of italy first established
3rd century BC - romans
which incredibly influential writer still effected authors 500 years later to write about a united italy
Dante
how did machiavelli influence risorgimento
he thought of italy as a country- he wrote “the prince” complaining about french occupation 1494
how many out of 27 million italians spoke italian
630,000
who were the great powers
russia
britain
prussia
france
austria
why was constitutional change unimportant for most italians
daily survival mattered more
what did the reformisti believe
that if italy was free from austrain control it would florish
what did italys economic growth mean for the north
conditions were terrible, overcrowding, poor housing
what was life expectancy in naples in the 1840s
24
when was mazzini born
1805
what did mazzini believe
that all men should be free and equal and also fair rights for women
when and where was there a mazzinian revolt
genoa 1831
when did mazzini attempt to take savoy
1834
when were the bandiero brothers
1844
how many people were the bandiero brothers
19 followers
what happened to the bandiero brothers
they attemptred to start an uprising but were killed by the peasents
how many followers did mazzini have
50,000
which iconic character did mazzini convert to the cause
garibaldi
what did mazzini create
young italy
why was mazzini not good
- he alienated the rich
- he would stop italy from getting french and british support
how many years was mazzini outside of italy for
40 years
what did balbo write
le speranze d’italia (the hopes for italy) 1844
what had developed with charles albert as the figurehead
the albertisti
what did charles albert tell azegleo in 1845
“my life, the life of my sons, my treasure and my army will be spent in the cause of italy”
what did abbe gioberti write
primato
how many copies of primato were sold
5,000
what did gioberti believe
that the catholic church and the pope should heed the national revivalh
what is giobertis believe also known as
neo-guelphism
when was pius IX elected
1846
what did pius do between 1846-1847
free 2,000 political prisoners
when did pius free 2,000 political figures
1846-1847
what did pius IX do to rome
allowed for a constitution to replace papal rule
created an elected body of advisors
reformed education the law and papal administration
ended press censorship
allowed jews out of the ghetto
what did the pope call his elected body of advisors
consulta
before 1848 what did the pope seem to be
the man most likely to lead italy to freedom
what did d’azegleo write
“on recent events in romagna” 1864
what did on recent events in romagna talk about
it called the revolutionaries who had died ‘martyrs’ who had faught against papal and austrian tyranny
what did d’Azeglio believe
that italian freedom would come from the ruling classes
what did charles albert create in 1847
the statutow
when did charles albert create the statuto
1847
what did teh statuto do
it bolstered the drive for unification because it gave them rights to stand on
why did the catholic cardinals elect pius
he was moderate
what did people in rome chant about pius
“O sommo pio” - “oh supreme pius”
what steps towards unification did pius make
- questioning the countrys justice system
- recruiting a council of lay advisors
- entering a customs union with tuscany and piedmont promoting free trade
what was a lay advisor
a non church advisor
what areas hated austrian high taxes
areas that were directly under there control like lombardy-venitia
what fraction of the austrian empires taxes came from venitia and lombardy
2/3rds
what papal town did austria occupy
ferrara
when did austria occupy ferrara
1847
what did pius do in januay 1848
he denied austria the right to cross the papal states
when did pius deny austria the crossing of the papal states
january 1848
what did pius ask the lord to bless
“italia”
What percentage of the population worked the land
90%
What was bad about Italian farming
It was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
When were there Europe wide harvest failures
1846 1847
What did the harvest failures lead to
Maize and wheat shortages led to high prices
Name an Italian city that suffered from overcrowding poor housing and poor conditions
Milan
When did living standards in towns start to decline
After 1810
What was life expectancy in Naples
24 in 1840
When was there an outbreak in scholera in Sicily
1836
How many died due to cholera in Naples 1836
65,000
What happened in January 1848 SICILY
A period of Ferdinand II repression and cholera
A period of Ferdinand II repression and cholera
January 1848 SICILY
When do notices go up in Palermo saying that revolutions will begin
9th January 48
What happened January 9th 1848
Notices go up in Palermo saying when revolutions will begin
How many army reinforcements arrive in Sicily
5,000
When is Sicily taken over
January 12th 1848
What os restored in Sicily 12th January 1848
The 1812 constitution
When did Ferdinand offer autonomy to Sicily
18th January 48
What happened on the 18th January 1848
Ferdinand offers autonomy to Sicily- they regent it
What were the poor masses called
Lazzaroni
What happened January the 17th
An uprising is Launched by secret societies. Public records are burned. Bourbon officials are killed concessions by the king were met with the demands for the Constitution of 1820.
An uprising is Launched by secret societies. Public records are burned. Bourbon officials are killed concessions by the king were met with…
January 17, Naples
When did King Ferdinand yield?
January 27
What happened after King Ferdinand yielded
He appointed a more liberal ministry, led by Nicola Maresca, the Duke of serracapriola and his troops were withdrawn
Where was King Ferdinand the king?
Naples
What happened in February 1848, Naples
Ferdinand grants Conservative constitution
What does Grand Duke Leopold do 1848 ?
He grants an equally conservative constitution in Tuscany on the 17th of February
What does the Pope do on February 17, 1848
He issues a constitution for the people states
What does Charles Albert do in 1848 March?
He grants the statuto , which creates a constitutional monarchy and improved reforms and the rights of the people
When does Charles Albert issue the statuto
March 1848
When does revolution break out in Vienna?
March 1848
When does Metternich resign?
March 1848
What were the five glorious days
The five days of Milanese revolution
When were the five glorious days?
March 18, 1848
How many people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan?
10,000
What happened with barricades in the five glorious days
They were thrown up with anti-Austrian forces on one side, and Austrian troops on the other
What does Lombardi ask of Piedmont in the five glorious days
They ask for an alliance for protection from Austrian backlash
Who led the moderates who wanted union with Piedmont?
Cassati
Who led the radicals, who wanted to create an Italian Federation of Republics
Cattaneo
What’s happened on March 22 in Venetia?
Venetian Republic is declared under Daniel Mannin, the new assembly asks Piedmont and Charles Albert, for an alliance against Austria
When does Venicia ask for an alliance against Austria with Piedmont?
March 22
What does Piedmont do March 22?
Charles Albert declares war on Austria and invades Lombardi
What makes up piedmonts army
Troops from all over Italy, including soldiers from Naples, led by Pepe and army from the people states led by Durano
Who led the forces from Naples, 1848
Pepe
Who led the forces from the people states age in 48
Durano
What is Sicily like in April 1848
Revolutionaries have taken over the island, middle class, moderates, establish a provisional government and set up a civic guard to control the masses
What are the peasants doing in Sicily, 1848 April?
They are destroying property, freeing prisoners and burning tax records
What does Pius do April 29, 1848
He issues his allocation
What does the people allocation say?
It says that the war with Austria doesn’t have his blessing Charles Albert is the aggressor, and the paper sea have no wish to lead a United, Italy
What does the papal allocation mean?
Weakens, Charles Alberts position and many of his Catholic soldiers, don’t want to fight anymore
What happens in Sicily April 1848
A parliament is elected. The declares, Sicily and Naples are totally separated, and that the king of Naples is no longer their king.
Why is the new separation of Sicily negative for unification?
They are not concerned with a national Italy and have split with the rest of it
When is moderate ministry established in Naples and by whom?
May 1848, nu Carlo troya
Why does Ferdinand break diplomatic relations with Austria?
Because of the moderate ministry in Naples
How many men does Ferdinand send against Austria
17,000 Neapolitan men
Who commands the Neapolitan army?
Generaal guglielmo Pepe
What does the king of Naples allow in 1848?
For two chamber Parliament with limited powers, and to free the press from censorship
How many French troops are mass on Piedmont Western border? When?
30,000, May 1848
What battle does Charles Albert win in May 1848
Goito
What place does Charles Albert take? May 1848
Peschiera
What won’t Charles Albert do? (Which is stupid)
He won’t accept any recruits from his army, who will not swear loyalty to Piedmont, he turns Garibaldi away
Who does Radetzky send to Vienna? When?
Prince schwarzenberg
Why does Radetzky send the prince to Vienna
To persuade the government to let him fight Charles Albert
When does Rudensky send the prince to Vienna?
June 1848
When does Charles Albert lose the battle of Custozza
July 24, 1848
What does Charles Albert lose in July 24, 1848?
The Battle of custozza
When are Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy
August 1848
what armistice is signed after the battle of custozza
the armistice of salasco
when was the armistice of salasco signed
11th august 1848
who is put in charge of the neapolitan government august 1848
Giustino Fortunato
when was Giustino Fortunato appointed
augist 6th 1848
in september 48 what does ferdinand do
dispatches forces to sieze messina and the sicilian parliament
what size is the army ferdinand dispatches to sieze parliament
20,000
why does the sicilian parliament surrender to ferdinand
because of a 3 day intensivce bombardment
what does ferdinand get nicknamed
king bomba
when does king ferdinand take back the sicilian parliament and messina
september 1848
who does pius appoint as his PM
count rossi- he is anti liberal
when does pius appoint Rossi
september 1848
who rules tuscany in 1848
Leopold II
who is leopold forced to appoint as his government
a more democratic government led by Montanelli
what does montanelli want
a peoples war against austria
when does leopold II appoint montanelli
october 1848
when id count Rossi murdered
November 15th
who murders Rossi
a mob
what does rossis death mean the pope does
he flees
where does the pope flee to after Rossis death
Gaeta in naples
when does the pope flee
November 26th 1848
what is established in rome after pius flees
a revolutionary government
who heads the new roman government
Guiseppe Galletti
what does the new roman government introduce
popular reform- tax reform, public works, the setting up of the constitute
when does the mew roman government take over
december 1848
when does leopold flee for his life
January 1849
when are elections held in rome for the constitute
January 1849
when does the constitute meet for the first time and what do they announce
- february 1849
- end of the popes power
- roman republic
who persuades charles albert to try again
Gioberti and Chiodo (pm of piedmon)
when is piedmont crushed at Novara
23rd march 1849
when does mazzini arrive in rome
march 1849
who form the triumvirate in rome
Armellini
Saffi
Mazzini
when does charles albert abdicate
march 1849w
who replaces charles albert
victor emmanuel II
when does ferdinand abolish the parliament in naples
march 1849
what does francesco crispi say about sicily and the bourbons in 49
“the moderates feared the victry of the people more than that of the bourbon troops”
when does leopold II retern to tuscny
April 1849
when does pius call for foreign aid to regain rome
at a meeting with his cardinals, april 49
why does Louis napoleon sends forces to rome
to win the support of the catholics- social imperealism
who does napoleon send to lead the french forces
General Oudinot
when does oudinot arrive in rome
24th april 49
how long does it take for france to get past the blockade of voulenteers
2 months
who leads the voulenteers who defend rome
garibaldi
which neopolitan commander is given complete authority over sicily
General Carlo Filangeieri
when does General Carlo Filangeieri occupy palermo
may 15th 1849
how manty french troops put rome under seige
20,000
what does garibaldi promise in his speach to the constitute
“hunger, thirst, forced marches, battle and death”
how many followers does garibaldi escape with
400
where does garibaldi march to continue the fight
san marino
when does mazzini appeal to the people of rome
5th july 1849
when do the french enter rome
july 3rd 1849
when is peace signed between austria and piedmont
august 1849
hoe much in reperations does piedmont have to pay
65 million french francs
whey is the republic of venice forced to surrender
-hunger
-outbreak of cholera
-venice being isolated as venitia is back in austrian control
