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Booklet 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what were the names of the italian states

A

papal states, piedmont-sardinia, lombardy, venitia, parma, modena, tuscany, kingdom of two sicilies

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1
Q

who were the ruling family of piedmont

A

the house of savoy

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2
Q

who were the ruling family of the central dutchies

A

lorraines

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3
Q

who were the ruling family of naples

A

bourbons

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4
Q

how many troops were sent to russia because of france pre 1830s

A

27,000

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5
Q

how many of the 27,000 sent returned

A

1,000

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6
Q

what percent of italian tax went to the french military pre 1830s

A

60%

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7
Q

what did france do to the italian states

A

divided italy into 4 republics

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8
Q

what was the name of the treaty that reasserted austrian control of vienna

A

treaty of vienna

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9
Q

what did liberals want for italy

A

a say in government
-constituition
-free trials
-free speach

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10
Q

what did radicals want for italy

A

-representation
-free from austrian control
-a republic

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11
Q

how were austria able to keep tight military control over venitia and lombardy

A

quadrilatteral fortress cities

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12
Q

how did ferdinand III allow tuscany to become more enlightened (4 ways)

A

-girls education
-expanded health facilities
-improved education
-reorganised the universities of pisa and siena

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13
Q

what were jesuits

A

catholic priests who enforced catholic practices

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14
Q

what were zealots

A

popes , fanatical uncompromising religeon

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15
Q

what were the inquisition

A

court trials

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16
Q

define reactionary

A

opposing political or social progress or reform

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17
Q

how was ferdinand of naples reactionary

A

he granted no constitutional reforms and scrapped sicilian constitution 1812

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18
Q

what were the cultural influences of risorgimento

A

music: rossinis ‘william tell’
literature: john of procida niccolini
poets: giacomo leopardi

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19
Q

what percent of italians were catholic

A

over 90%

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20
Q

what is political apathy

A

where people do not care about politics, focused on living

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21
Q

what is parochialism

A

a limited narrow outlook, narrow mindset

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22
Q

who were the great powers

A

russia, prussia, britain, france, austria

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23
Q

what was the name of the austrian chancellor who wouldn’t allow any form of nationalism

A

metternich

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24
Q

list 5 secret societies

A
  • carbonari
  • spillo negro
  • latinisi
  • federati
  • aldelfi
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25
Q

what were the weaknesses of the secret societies

A
  • too scattered
  • didn’t challenge Austria
  • only middle class
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26
Q

who made up the revolutionaries in modena and parma 1830

A

students

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27
Q

why did students revolt in marma and modena 1830

A

they demanded a constitution from marie-louise

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28
Q

what was the reason for revolt in the papal states

A

hatred of the rule of the church

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29
Q

3 reasons for the failure of 1830 revolutions

A
  • local affairs little organisation
  • too relient on small secret societies
  • support wasnt widely encouraged
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30
Q

what was the risorgimento

A

a movement with the aim of uniting the italian peninsula

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31
Q

why was constitutional change not a priority for most italians

A

they were politically apathetic

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32
Q

what were the riformisti

A

a group with the belief of ecanomic resurgance

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33
Q

what was life expectancy in naples 1840s

A

24 years old

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34
Q

what wasthe name of mazzinis group

A

young italy

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35
Q

list 3 aims of young italy

A

-freedom from Austria
-unity of providences/Italy
-a republic with fair rights for all

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36
Q

list 3 actions of young italy in the 30s and 40s

A

-1831 genoa revolts
-1844 bandiero brothers
-1833 piedmontese army

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37
Q

what are the 4 reasons for mazzinis failure

A
  • didnt include lowerclass peasents
    -his attitude prevented support from france
    -republic stance alianated rulers
    -40 years out of italy
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38
Q

what was the albertisti

A

the group that believed the king of piedmont should rule italy (charles albert)

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39
Q

who supported the albertisti

A

balbo and azeglio

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40
Q

what were neo-geulphs

A

people who supported the pope to lead italian federation

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41
Q

who supported the neo-geulphs

A

gioberti

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42
Q

what was azeglios anti- austrian anti-papal book called

A

on recent events in romagna

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43
Q

when was azeglios book written

A

1846

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44
Q

why did a revolution break out in sicily (1848)

A

-bourbons repression (ferdinand I)
-outbreak of cholera

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45
Q

what sparked 1848 revolutions in naples

A
  • secret societies
  • famine
  • revolution in sicily
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46
Q

what were the 5 glorious days milan

A

10,000 people petition for liberal reforms, barricades with austrians and anti austrians on either side, austria fled to the quadrilatteral- inspired by tobacco boycott

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47
Q

where did danial manin set up a republic

A

venitia

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48
Q

when did chares albert declare war on austria

A

march 22nd 1848

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49
Q

what did papal allocution april 29th say

A

that the pope did not support the war with austria- charles albert is the aggravator- papacy didnt want italy united

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50
Q

how did the papal allocution effect charles albert

A

it weakened him and caused his catholic followers to leave

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51
Q

what battle did charles albert lose july 1848

A

battle of custozza 24th july

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52
Q

what nickname did ferdinand of naples get and why

A

king bomba
he bombed his own city

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53
Q

what battle did charles albert loose march 1849

A

battle of novara 23rd march

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54
Q

when was the roman republic declared

A

febuary 1849

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55
Q

why does the roman republic collapse

A

20,000 french troops put city under seige

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56
Q

whos reputation is raised due to his defence of the roman republic

A

Garibaldi

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57
Q

When did napoleon divide Italy into 4 separate republics

A

1798

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58
Q

The French army conscripts- how ,any left and how many returned

A

27,000 went to Russia 1,000 returned

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59
Q

What was the ‘restored order’

A

,the state of Italy after the congress of Vienna 1815

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60
Q

Who had piedmont after 1815

A

The house of savoy

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61
Q

Who had Lombardy and Venetia after 1815

A

An Austrian viceroy

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62
Q

Who had the central dutchies post 1815

A

Dukes and dutchesses appointed by Austria

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63
Q

Who had the Papal States post 1815

A

The pope

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64
Q

Who had nap,es post 1815

A

The bourbons

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65
Q

What did Austrian chancellor Metternich want

A

“To extinguish the spirit of Italian unity”

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66
Q

What was the population of Lombardy in 1815

A

130,000

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67
Q

What was the poorest region of Italy

A

The south

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68
Q

What percentage of Italians worked on the land c1815

A

90%

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69
Q

What was the political state of most of the Italian states 1830

A

Reactionary

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70
Q

What class type dominated piedmont-Sardinia 1830

A

Middle class

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71
Q

Why was working the land so difficult in the south

A

Poor rain and malaria ran rife

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72
Q

What are the names of the Italian states

A

-Papal States
-piedmont-Sardinia
-Lombardy
-Venetia
-Parma
-Modena
-Tuscany
-Kingdom of two Sicilians

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73
Q

What family ruled the central dutchies

A

The Lorraine’s

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74
Q

What was the name of the treaty that reasserted Austrian control over Italy

A

Congress of Vienna

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75
Q

What did the liberals want for Italy

A
  • constitution
  • free trade
  • free speech
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76
Q

What did the radicals want for Italy

A
  • representation
  • to be free from Austrian control
  • a republic
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77
Q

How were the Austrians able to keep control over Venetia and Lombardy

A

Quadrilateral

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78
Q

Who allowed Tuscany to become more enlightened

A

Ferdinand III

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79
Q

What was a Jesuit

A

An extreme catholic

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80
Q

How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary

A

He cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812

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81
Q

Over what percentage of Italians were Roman Catholic

A

90%

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82
Q

What were zealots

A

A series of hard lined popes

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83
Q

how did the treaty of vienna effect pius VII

A

he was restored to his full power

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84
Q

what percent of itali spoke “italian”

A

3%

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85
Q

what was the holy allience

A

an allience between prussia and russia and austria

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86
Q

what is nationalism

A

loyalty and devotion to a nation. especially : a sense of national consciousness

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87
Q

what is liberalism

A

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty

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88
Q

what is radicalism

A

the beliefs or actions of people who advocate thorough or complete political or social reform.

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89
Q

what were secret societies said to have developed from

A

18th century freemasonry

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90
Q

where were the carbonari active

A

in the south

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91
Q

how many carbonari members were there in naples

A

60,000

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92
Q

what percent of the adult population of naples were carbonari members

A

5%

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93
Q

what were the carbonari fighting for

A

to gain constitutions and more rights from monarchs

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94
Q

where were the federati popular

A

in the north

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95
Q

who led the modena and parma revolutions

A

enrico misley - he trusted his leader duke francis IV

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96
Q

what did francis do it retern for enrico telling him his plans

A

he betrayed him and had him arrested

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97
Q

what did francis do after betraying enrico misley

A

he travelled to austria to ask for help with any future revolutions

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98
Q

what happened in duke francis IV’s absence

A

revolutionaries took over modena and established a provisional government

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99
Q

what happened in parma

A

students were encouraged by modena and roited against duchess marie-louise

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100
Q

what heppened when duke francis IV reterned

A

he had austrian army with him who crushed the revolutionaries

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101
Q

when was a provisional government established in bologna

A

1831w

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102
Q

what was bolognas privisional government called

A

“the government of the italian provinces”

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103
Q

why did the revolutions fail

A
  • localised
  • moderates
  • lacked popular support
  • ill equipt
  • french failure
  • austrian power
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104
Q

when was the idea of italy first established

A

3rd century BC - romans

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105
Q

which incredibly influential writer still effected authors 500 years later to write about a united italy

A

Dante

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106
Q

how did machiavelli influence risorgimento

A

he thought of italy as a country- he wrote “the prince” complaining about french occupation 1494

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107
Q

how many out of 27 million italians spoke italian

A

630,000

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108
Q

who were the great powers

A

russia
britain
prussia
france
austria

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109
Q

why was constitutional change unimportant for most italians

A

daily survival mattered more

110
Q

what did the reformisti believe

A

that if italy was free from austrain control it would florish

111
Q

what did italys economic growth mean for the north

A

conditions were terrible, overcrowding, poor housing

112
Q

what was life expectancy in naples in the 1840s

A

24

113
Q

when was mazzini born

A

1805

114
Q

what did mazzini believe

A

that all men should be free and equal and also fair rights for women

115
Q

when and where was there a mazzinian revolt

A

genoa 1831

116
Q

when did mazzini attempt to take savoy

A

1834

117
Q

when were the bandiero brothers

A

1844

118
Q

how many people were the bandiero brothers

A

19 followers

119
Q

what happened to the bandiero brothers

A

they attemptred to start an uprising but were killed by the peasents

120
Q

how many followers did mazzini have

A

50,000

121
Q

which iconic character did mazzini convert to the cause

A

garibaldi

122
Q

what did mazzini create

A

young italy

123
Q

why was mazzini not good

A
  • he alienated the rich
  • he would stop italy from getting french and british support
124
Q

how many years was mazzini outside of italy for

A

40 years

125
Q

what did balbo write

A

le speranze d’italia (the hopes for italy) 1844

126
Q

what had developed with charles albert as the figurehead

A

the albertisti

127
Q

what did charles albert tell azegleo in 1845

A

“my life, the life of my sons, my treasure and my army will be spent in the cause of italy”

128
Q

what did abbe gioberti write

A

primato

129
Q

how many copies of primato were sold

A

5,000

130
Q

what did gioberti believe

A

that the catholic church and the pope should heed the national revivalh

131
Q

what is giobertis believe also known as

A

neo-guelphism

132
Q

when was pius IX elected

A

1846

133
Q

what did pius do between 1846-1847

A

free 2,000 political prisoners

134
Q

when did pius free 2,000 political figures

A

1846-1847

135
Q

what did pius IX do to rome

A

allowed for a constitution to replace papal rule
created an elected body of advisors
reformed education the law and papal administration
ended press censorship
allowed jews out of the ghetto

136
Q

what did the pope call his elected body of advisors

A

consulta

137
Q

before 1848 what did the pope seem to be

A

the man most likely to lead italy to freedom

138
Q

what did d’azegleo write

A

“on recent events in romagna” 1864

139
Q

what did on recent events in romagna talk about

A

it called the revolutionaries who had died ‘martyrs’ who had faught against papal and austrian tyranny

140
Q

what did d’Azeglio believe

A

that italian freedom would come from the ruling classes

141
Q

what did charles albert create in 1847

A

the statutow

142
Q

when did charles albert create the statuto

A

1847

143
Q

what did teh statuto do

A

it bolstered the drive for unification because it gave them rights to stand on

144
Q

why did the catholic cardinals elect pius

A

he was moderate

145
Q

what did people in rome chant about pius

A

“O sommo pio” - “oh supreme pius”

146
Q

what steps towards unification did pius make

A
  • questioning the countrys justice system
  • recruiting a council of lay advisors
  • entering a customs union with tuscany and piedmont promoting free trade
147
Q

what was a lay advisor

A

a non church advisor

148
Q

what areas hated austrian high taxes

A

areas that were directly under there control like lombardy-venitia

149
Q

what fraction of the austrian empires taxes came from venitia and lombardy

A

2/3rds

150
Q

what papal town did austria occupy

A

ferrara

151
Q

when did austria occupy ferrara

A

1847

152
Q

what did pius do in januay 1848

A

he denied austria the right to cross the papal states

153
Q

when did pius deny austria the crossing of the papal states

A

january 1848

154
Q

what did pius ask the lord to bless

A

“italia”

155
Q

What percentage of the population worked the land

A

90%

156
Q

What was bad about Italian farming

A

It was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition

157
Q

When were there Europe wide harvest failures

A

1846 1847

158
Q

What did the harvest failures lead to

A

Maize and wheat shortages led to high prices

159
Q

Name an Italian city that suffered from overcrowding poor housing and poor conditions

A

Milan

160
Q

When did living standards in towns start to decline

A

After 1810

161
Q

What was life expectancy in Naples

A

24 in 1840

162
Q

When was there an outbreak in scholera in Sicily

A

1836

163
Q

How many died due to cholera in Naples 1836

A

65,000

164
Q

What happened in January 1848 SICILY

A

A period of Ferdinand II repression and cholera

165
Q

A period of Ferdinand II repression and cholera

A

January 1848 SICILY

166
Q

When do notices go up in Palermo saying that revolutions will begin

A

9th January 48

167
Q

What happened January 9th 1848

A

Notices go up in Palermo saying when revolutions will begin

168
Q

How many army reinforcements arrive in Sicily

A

5,000

169
Q

When is Sicily taken over

A

January 12th 1848

170
Q

What os restored in Sicily 12th January 1848

A

The 1812 constitution

171
Q

When did Ferdinand offer autonomy to Sicily

A

18th January 48

172
Q

What happened on the 18th January 1848

A

Ferdinand offers autonomy to Sicily- they regent it

173
Q

What were the poor masses called

A

Lazzaroni

174
Q

What happened January the 17th

A

An uprising is Launched by secret societies. Public records are burned. Bourbon officials are killed concessions by the king were met with the demands for the Constitution of 1820.

175
Q

An uprising is Launched by secret societies. Public records are burned. Bourbon officials are killed concessions by the king were met with…

A

January 17, Naples

176
Q

When did King Ferdinand yield?

A

January 27

177
Q

What happened after King Ferdinand yielded

A

He appointed a more liberal ministry, led by Nicola Maresca, the Duke of serracapriola and his troops were withdrawn

178
Q

Where was King Ferdinand the king?

A

Naples

179
Q

What happened in February 1848, Naples

A

Ferdinand grants Conservative constitution

180
Q

What does Grand Duke Leopold do 1848 ?

A

He grants an equally conservative constitution in Tuscany on the 17th of February

181
Q

What does the Pope do on February 17, 1848

A

He issues a constitution for the people states

182
Q

What does Charles Albert do in 1848 March?

A

He grants the statuto , which creates a constitutional monarchy and improved reforms and the rights of the people

183
Q

When does Charles Albert issue the statuto

A

March 1848

184
Q

When does revolution break out in Vienna?

A

March 1848

185
Q

When does Metternich resign?

A

March 1848

186
Q

What were the five glorious days

A

The five days of Milanese revolution

187
Q

When were the five glorious days?

A

March 18, 1848

188
Q

How many people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan?

A

10,000

189
Q

What happened with barricades in the five glorious days

A

They were thrown up with anti-Austrian forces on one side, and Austrian troops on the other

190
Q

What does Lombardi ask of Piedmont in the five glorious days

A

They ask for an alliance for protection from Austrian backlash

191
Q

Who led the moderates who wanted union with Piedmont?

A

Cassati

192
Q

Who led the radicals, who wanted to create an Italian Federation of Republics

A

Cattaneo

193
Q

What’s happened on March 22 in Venetia?

A

Venetian Republic is declared under Daniel Mannin, the new assembly asks Piedmont and Charles Albert, for an alliance against Austria

194
Q

When does Venicia ask for an alliance against Austria with Piedmont?

A

March 22

195
Q

What does Piedmont do March 22?

A

Charles Albert declares war on Austria and invades Lombardi

196
Q

What makes up piedmonts army

A

Troops from all over Italy, including soldiers from Naples, led by Pepe and army from the people states led by Durano

197
Q

Who led the forces from Naples, 1848

A

Pepe

198
Q

Who led the forces from the people states age in 48

A

Durano

199
Q

What is Sicily like in April 1848

A

Revolutionaries have taken over the island, middle class, moderates, establish a provisional government and set up a civic guard to control the masses

200
Q

What are the peasants doing in Sicily, 1848 April?

A

They are destroying property, freeing prisoners and burning tax records

201
Q

What does Pius do April 29, 1848

A

He issues his allocation

202
Q

What does the people allocation say?

A

It says that the war with Austria doesn’t have his blessing Charles Albert is the aggressor, and the paper sea have no wish to lead a United, Italy

203
Q

What does the papal allocation mean?

A

Weakens, Charles Alberts position and many of his Catholic soldiers, don’t want to fight anymore

204
Q

What happens in Sicily April 1848

A

A parliament is elected. The declares, Sicily and Naples are totally separated, and that the king of Naples is no longer their king.

205
Q

Why is the new separation of Sicily negative for unification?

A

They are not concerned with a national Italy and have split with the rest of it

206
Q

When is moderate ministry established in Naples and by whom?

A

May 1848, nu Carlo troya

207
Q

Why does Ferdinand break diplomatic relations with Austria?

A

Because of the moderate ministry in Naples

208
Q

How many men does Ferdinand send against Austria

A

17,000 Neapolitan men

209
Q

Who commands the Neapolitan army?

A

Generaal guglielmo Pepe

210
Q

What does the king of Naples allow in 1848?

A

For two chamber Parliament with limited powers, and to free the press from censorship

211
Q

How many French troops are mass on Piedmont Western border? When?

A

30,000, May 1848

212
Q

What battle does Charles Albert win in May 1848

A

Goito

213
Q

What place does Charles Albert take? May 1848

A

Peschiera

214
Q

What won’t Charles Albert do? (Which is stupid)

A

He won’t accept any recruits from his army, who will not swear loyalty to Piedmont, he turns Garibaldi away

215
Q

Who does Radetzky send to Vienna? When?

A

Prince schwarzenberg

216
Q

Why does Radetzky send the prince to Vienna

A

To persuade the government to let him fight Charles Albert

217
Q

When does Rudensky send the prince to Vienna?

A

June 1848

218
Q

When does Charles Albert lose the battle of Custozza

A

July 24, 1848

219
Q

What does Charles Albert lose in July 24, 1848?

A

The Battle of custozza

220
Q

When are Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy

A

August 1848

221
Q

what armistice is signed after the battle of custozza

A

the armistice of salasco

222
Q

when was the armistice of salasco signed

A

11th august 1848

223
Q

who is put in charge of the neapolitan government august 1848

A

Giustino Fortunato

224
Q

when was Giustino Fortunato appointed

A

augist 6th 1848

224
Q

in september 48 what does ferdinand do

A

dispatches forces to sieze messina and the sicilian parliament

225
Q

what size is the army ferdinand dispatches to sieze parliament

A

20,000

226
Q

why does the sicilian parliament surrender to ferdinand

A

because of a 3 day intensivce bombardment

227
Q

what does ferdinand get nicknamed

A

king bomba

228
Q

when does king ferdinand take back the sicilian parliament and messina

A

september 1848

229
Q

who does pius appoint as his PM

A

count rossi- he is anti liberal

230
Q

when does pius appoint Rossi

A

september 1848

231
Q

who rules tuscany in 1848

A

Leopold II

232
Q

who is leopold forced to appoint as his government

A

a more democratic government led by Montanelli

233
Q

what does montanelli want

A

a peoples war against austria

234
Q

when does leopold II appoint montanelli

A

october 1848

235
Q

when id count Rossi murdered

A

November 15th

236
Q

who murders Rossi

A

a mob

237
Q

what does rossis death mean the pope does

A

he flees

238
Q

where does the pope flee to after Rossis death

A

Gaeta in naples

239
Q

when does the pope flee

A

November 26th 1848

240
Q

what is established in rome after pius flees

A

a revolutionary government

241
Q

who heads the new roman government

A

Guiseppe Galletti

242
Q

what does the new roman government introduce

A

popular reform- tax reform, public works, the setting up of the constitute

243
Q

when does the mew roman government take over

A

december 1848

244
Q

when does leopold flee for his life

A

January 1849

245
Q

when are elections held in rome for the constitute

A

January 1849

246
Q

when does the constitute meet for the first time and what do they announce

A
  • february 1849
  • end of the popes power
  • roman republic
247
Q

who persuades charles albert to try again

A

Gioberti and Chiodo (pm of piedmon)

248
Q

when is piedmont crushed at Novara

A

23rd march 1849

249
Q

when does mazzini arrive in rome

A

march 1849

250
Q

who form the triumvirate in rome

A

Armellini
Saffi
Mazzini

251
Q

when does charles albert abdicate

A

march 1849w

252
Q

who replaces charles albert

A

victor emmanuel II

253
Q

when does ferdinand abolish the parliament in naples

A

march 1849

254
Q

what does francesco crispi say about sicily and the bourbons in 49

A

“the moderates feared the victry of the people more than that of the bourbon troops”

255
Q

when does leopold II retern to tuscny

A

April 1849

256
Q

when does pius call for foreign aid to regain rome

A

at a meeting with his cardinals, april 49

257
Q

why does Louis napoleon sends forces to rome

A

to win the support of the catholics- social imperealism

258
Q

who does napoleon send to lead the french forces

A

General Oudinot

259
Q

when does oudinot arrive in rome

A

24th april 49

260
Q

how long does it take for france to get past the blockade of voulenteers

A

2 months

261
Q

who leads the voulenteers who defend rome

A

garibaldi

262
Q

which neopolitan commander is given complete authority over sicily

A

General Carlo Filangeieri

263
Q

when does General Carlo Filangeieri occupy palermo

A

may 15th 1849

264
Q

how manty french troops put rome under seige

A

20,000

265
Q

what does garibaldi promise in his speach to the constitute

A

“hunger, thirst, forced marches, battle and death”

266
Q

how many followers does garibaldi escape with

A

400

267
Q

where does garibaldi march to continue the fight

A

san marino

268
Q

when does mazzini appeal to the people of rome

A

5th july 1849

269
Q

when do the french enter rome

A

july 3rd 1849

270
Q

when is peace signed between austria and piedmont

A

august 1849

271
Q

hoe much in reperations does piedmont have to pay

A

65 million french francs

272
Q

whey is the republic of venice forced to surrender

A

-hunger
-outbreak of cholera
-venice being isolated as venitia is back in austrian control

History- italy (7 decks)

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