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Learning theories - psychology > Observations > Flashcards

Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

how can an observation become systematic

A

it must be selective

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2
Q

2 types of observational method

A

naturalistic

controlled

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3
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing participants in their normal everyday enmvrimonment

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4
Q

controlled observation

A

observations in a situation that has been produced by the experimenter specifically for observation

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5
Q

how do naturalistic observations avoid problems with consent and deception

A

takes place in a public setting where people would expect to be seen by others

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6
Q

how do controlled observations avoid problems with consent and deception

A

most of the time participants are aware they are taking part

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7
Q

what problems does the lack of control in naturalistic observations cause

A

inability to replicate - decreases validity - harder to test findings for reliability

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8
Q

weakness of participants knowing they are involved in an observation

A

higher risk of demand characteristics

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9
Q

impact of an artificial setting on validity

A

low ecological validity

reduces ability to generalise to real life settings

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10
Q

impact on the lack of control over a setting in a naturalistic observation

A

cannot produce cause and effect

confounding variables may be present

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11
Q

why do naturalistic observations have high ecological validity

A

natural setting that occurs in real life

can be generalised

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12
Q

positives of an artificial setting

A

confounding variables are reduced
cause and effect are clear

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13
Q

ethical issues of a naturalistic observation

A

invasion of privacy - especially when participants are unaware they are being observed

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14
Q

when can a risk of observer bias occur

A

when there are no guidelines on how to record the behaviour

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15
Q

2 types of observational design

A

overt and covert

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16
Q

overt observation

A

those being observed are aware of the fact

17
Q

covert observation

A

the participants are unaware that they are being observed

18
Q

which participant design has higher validity

A

covert - less demand characteristics

19
Q

which participant design allows informed consent to be obtained

A

overt

20
Q

which participant design is more difficult to replicate data from

A

covert

21
Q

participant design

A

the observer also participates in the experiment being observed

22
Q

non-participant design

A

the observer doesn’t participate in the experiment being observed

23
Q

what makes the participant design have high validity

A

researcher is able to get an insider viewpoint

24
Q

what makes the participant design have reduced reliability

A

the researcher may influence the other participants’ behaviour

25
Q

what makes the non-participant observation more reliable

A

researcher doesn’t get involved

more likely to be objective with findings

reduces researcher bias

more accurate conclusions

26
Q

why could a non-participant observation have high validity

A

easier to record data because the observer is not involved

27
Q

why could a non-participant observation have reduced validity

A

lacks direct involvement or understanding of the phenomena - the data collected may be compromised

less accurate or authentic findings

28
Q

4 ways in which data can be collected

A

facts

events

behaviours

continuous detailed notes

29
Q

two types of sampling

A

event sampling

time sampling

30
Q

event sampling

A

specific behaviours are recorded every time they occur

31
Q

time sampling

A

the behaviour of each participant is recorded at fixed intervals

32
Q

how can inter-rater reliability be improved during observations

A

operationalised coding systems

train observers with practice observations

correlating one observers data with those of another

Learning theories - psychology (10 decks)

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