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Learning theories - psychology > Animal Testing > Flashcards

Animal Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 R’s?

A

Reduction

Refinement

Replacement

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2
Q

how is the number of animals used reduced

A

improving experimental techniques

improving techniques of data analysis

sharing information with other researchers

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3
Q

What is refinement

A

refining the experiment or the way the animals are cared for so as to reduce their suffering

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4
Q

how does refinement occur

A

using less invasive techniques

better medical care

better living conditions

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5
Q

What are the 3 R’s for?

A

a set of principles that scientists are encouraged to follow in order to reduce the impact of research on animals

they must consider each one to ensure using animals is the only way to conduct research

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6
Q

who set criteria for for psychologists who use animals in research

A

The Scientific Procedures Act (1986) and the Home Office

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7
Q

how were animals treated previous to The Scientific Procedures Act (1986)

A

seen as research objects

some research would disregard the welfare of the animal in order to find scientific conclusions

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8
Q

The Scientific Procedures Act (1986)

A

covers all animal research

relates to any ‘scientific procedure that may cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to a protected animal’

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9
Q

what animals come under the term ‘protected animals’

A

all non-human vertebrates and a single invertebrate species (the octopus)

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10
Q

Animal Welfare Act (2006)

A

discusses more general duties of care towards animals

psychologists are also directed to follow this act

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11
Q

The Animal Welfare Act (2006) in regards to breeding and testing

A

has rules regarding breeding and testing

e.g.
animals who have undergone general anaesthetics cannot be used for more procedures

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12
Q

The Animal Welfare Act (2006) in regards to the psychologists responsibility to care for animals when they are not being used in the study.

A

animal should have suitable accommodation and environment

suitable food water and space to maintain its well-being

researchers should consider ways to reduce potential distress when caging animals

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13
Q

The Animal Welfare Act (2006) in regards to protecting animals during research

A

work must be carried out in a scientific procedure establishment

procedures must be carried out by someone holding a project license

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14
Q

The 4 main aims of animal ethical guidelines

A

Avoid/ minimise discomfort

discuss research with colleagues and H.O inspectors

Do the ends justify the mean

consider alternatives

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15
Q

6 factors which must be followed before, during and after the study when animal participants are used.

A

The Law

Food deprivation - may not cause suffering

Electric shocks

Pain, distress and surgery

Understanding Species Differences

Minimum no. of animals & endangered species

Cost-Benefit analysis

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16
Q

6 factors - The Law

A

laws protect the rights of non-human animals

anyone who fails to comply with these laws can be prosecuted

permission to work with animals is granted by the Home Office by license only under very specific conditions

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17
Q

6 factors - food deprivation

A

it must not cause suffering

Gray (1987) - rates are either fed once daily, following experimentation or are maintained at 85% of their free-feeding body weight

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18
Q

6 factors - electric shocks

A

electric shock may cause some, but not extreme pain

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19
Q

6 factors - pain, distress and surgery

A

without an HO licence and relevant certificates, procedures causing pain, distress or involving surgery are illegal

must be able to show that there are no alternative ways of conducting the experiment

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20
Q

6 factors - understanding species differences in relation to

A

caging and social environment

the stress caused to wild animals when marking them

whether the animal should be in a social setting

disturbance of non human animals should be kept to a minimum

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21
Q

6 factors - minimum number of animals and endangered species

A

if animal’s studies are to be conducted they must only use the minimum number of animals required to produce valid and reliable results

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22
Q

6 factors - cost-benefit analysis - 3 main criteria that should be taken into account regarding the justifiability of research

A

the quality of research

the amount of suffering

the likelihood of benefit

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23
Q

Bateson’s decision cube 1988

A

must be a high level of the quality of research

must be a high certainty of benefit against a low level of suffering

researchers must be able to justify the cost/ harm to the animals in relation to the likely benefits of the research

24
Q

ethological methods are designed to

A

provide insight about animals as often and as naturally as possible`

25
Q

what percentage of psychological research uses animals according to the American Psychological Association

A

8%

26
Q

what percentage of animals used in experiments are rodents and birds

A

90%

27
Q

what percentage of animals used in experiments are primates

A

5%

28
Q

why are rodents most commonly used in experiments

A

low cost

small & easy to handle

easy to breed

allows study of multiple generations at the same time

29
Q

reasons why animals are studied to understand human behaviour

A

results can be generalised

allows research that would be unethical on humans

convenience & practicality

lab experiments allow for precise control and measurement of variables

30
Q

what animals are used to study genes associated with abnormalities in humans

A

mice

31
Q

what type of animal is used to study antipsychotic drugs - to see how they change the brain itself

A

rats

32
Q

what type of animal is used to study stress to find changed in neurotransmitters

A

mice

33
Q

what type of animals are used to study stress to see what effect having control over the situation has

A

monkeys

34
Q

what type of animal is used to study sleep deprivation

A

rats

35
Q

what type of animal is used to study memory

A

rats

36
Q

define animal experiment

A

any scientific procedure that may cause pain, suffering, distress or harm to a protected animal

37
Q

why is the credibility of animal studies seen as low

A

hard to extrapolate or generalise findings

evolutionary discontinuity

38
Q

why do some people reject the argument of evolutionary continuity

A

often for religious reasons

39
Q

anthropomorphism and how does this affect animal studies

A

the tendency to believe that an animals behaviour is due to the same type of thinking and reasoning as humans

animal studies are often criticised for this

40
Q

ethical weaknesses regarding animal studies

A

they are not sufficiently different from humans to be treated as objects

many animals feel pain

animals are not in their natural surroundings - distressing conditions

41
Q

what does ant-speciesism suggest about research

A

research focuses on the benefits from humans and not animals which is unfair

42
Q

practical (GRAV) strengths of research

A

drugs have been developed which otherwise could not have been

procedures can be carried out on humans that cannot be done on animals

some procedures require strict control over the environment which may not be possible with humans

short gestation periods of some animals - multiple generations can be studied at the same time

drugs have been developed which benefit both humans and animals

43
Q

what does the short gestation period of some animals mean

A

multiple generations can be studied at the same time

44
Q

what does the similar brain structure of some animals (e.g. mice) allow

A

generalisation of findings

45
Q

ethical strengths regarding animal studies

A

pro-speciesism

knowledge obtained may also improve the lives of the species being tested on

46
Q

pro-speciesism

A

we ought to do all we can to protect our own species

47
Q

practical (GRAV) weaknesses of research

A

different brain structure to humans - not generalisable

some diseases being studied have to be replicated using drugs so may not be the same as the disease itself - lacks validity

thalidomide showed negative outcomes for humans but not for animals - generalisiability issues

human lives are complex and factors rarely occur in isolation - application to real life

48
Q

agree - evolutionary continuity

A

humans and animals are basically the same but at different stages of evolution

49
Q

agree - ethical restrictions with humans

A

the use of animals instead of humans allows the use of procedures which could not be done with humans

50
Q

agree - convenience

A

animals:

reproduce more rapidly

easier to control

easier to conduct experiments on

short life span

51
Q

how is the short life span of animals good for research

A

studies of genetics and life span changes are more practical

52
Q

agree - benefit to animals

A

beneficial research ranges from pest control to protection of endangered species

53
Q

against -extrapolation (relevance)

A

humans are unique

evolutionary discontinuity

54
Q

against - anthropomorphism

A

the tendency to believe that animal and human behaviour are due to the same type of thinking, feeling and reasoning as humans

55
Q

against - animal suffering

A

animal suffering would not arise if they were simply not used in experiments

56
Q

against - use of alternative opportunities

A

e.g.

computer simulations
human volunteers
advanced biology - stem cell research

Learning theories - psychology (10 decks)

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