obs and gynae Flashcards
what is the definition of premature ovarian failure?
the cessation of menses for 1 year before the age of 40
with HRT what increases the risk of breast cancer?
adding a progesterone
with HRT what increases the risk of thromboembolism?
adding a progesterone
women w/ uncomplicated multiple pregnancies should avoid air travel by when?
32 weeks
what is the management of endometriosis?
first line: NSAIDs and paracetemol
second line: COCP
what are the 3 stages of postpartum thyroiditis?
thyrotoxicosis
hypothyroidism
normal thyroid function
what is the management of the thyrotoxicosis phase of post partum thyroiditis?
propanolol for symptom management
what is the management of the hypothyroidism phase of post partum thyroiditis?
thyroxine
what advise needs to be given to women trying to conceive who are on anti-epileptics?
take 5mg folic acid daily from before conception to 12 wks of pregnancy
what is the management of urge incontinence?
6 weeks of bladder retraining
antimuscarinics (bladder stabilising drugs)
how is pre-eclampsia defined?
new onset BP >140/90mmHg after 20 wks AND one of:
proteinurea
organ dysfunction
what is HELLP syndrome?
severe form of pre-eclampsia
what is HELLP syndrome classified by?
H - haemolysis
E L - elevated liver enzymes
L P - low platelet
what is the management of postpartum depression?
sertraline or paroxetine
what is placenta acreta?
attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
what is the biggest risk factor for placenta acreta?
previous c section
what are the investigations for PCOS?
pelvic ultrasound
FSH, LH, TSH
prolactin
testosterone
SHBG
what is the criteria for diagnosing PCOS?
2 of the following 3;
infrequent or no ovulation
clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogegism
polycystic ovaries on US
what is the definition of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound?
the presence of >12 follicles (measuring 2-9mm in diameter) and / or increased ovary volume >10 cm3
what is the time frame for a category 1 c section?
the baby should be delivered w/in 30 mins of making the decision
what are the foetal indications for a category 1 c section?
foetal hypoxia or persistent foetal bradycardia
what is the time frame for a category 2 c section?
the baby should be delivered w/in 75 mins of making the decision
what is a category 3 c section?
delivery is required but mother and baby are stable
what is a category 4 c section?
elective c section
what is intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy defined as?
abnormal LFTs and intense puritis, usually in the third trimester
what is the management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy?
induce labour at 37-38 wks
what is the antibiotic regime given to all pts w/ preterm pre labour rupture of membranes?
10 days oral erythromycin
what is the diagnostic threshold for fasting glucose for gestational diabetes?
> 5.6mmol / L
what is the diagnostic threshold for 2 hr glucose for gestational diabetes?
> 7.8mmol / L
what is the medical management of an incomplete miscarriage?
a single dose of misoprostol
what is the medical management of a missed miscarriage?
oral mifepristone then 48 hrs later misoprostol
what is the most common type of ovarian cyst?
follicular cyst
what is the cause of physiological ovarian cysts in pregnancy?
the corpus luteum
if a semen sample is abnormal when should the test be repeated?
3 months later
what is the antibiotic of choice for group b strep prophylaxis?
benzylpenicillin
what is placental abruption?
separation of a normally situated placenta from the uterine wall
what is the management of placental abruption <36 wks gestation and there are signs of foetal distress?
immediate C section
what is the management of placental abruption <36 wks gestation and there are no signs of foetal distress?
admit and administer steroids
what is the management of placental abruption >36 wks gestation and there are signs of foetal distress?
immediate C section
what is the management of placental abruption >36 wks gestation and there are no signs of foetal distress?
deliver vaginally
how should an ectopic pregnancy >35mm in size or B hCH >5,000 be managed?
surgically
laparoscopic salpingectomy
how should an ectopic pregnancy <35mm in size of B hCG <5,000 be managed?
methotrexate
what is the risk of having intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy?
stillbirth
what should be given to pregnant women who are at moderate or high risk of pre eclampsia?
low dose aspirin
what is the management of moderate PMS?
cocp
what is the management of severe PMS?
SSRI
what is the antibiotic used in the management of mastitis?
flucloxacillin or erythromycin if penicillin allergic
what is the management of cervical cancer in a patient who wishes to preserve fertility?
cone biopsy
what is the management of primary dysmenorrhoea?
NSAIDs such as mefenamic acid
what are the guidelines for women with a singleton pregnancy
who wish to fly?
avoid air travel >37 wks
how does erbs palsy present?
adduction and internal rotation of the forearm
what is the first line management of shoulder dystocia?
McRobers manoeuvre
what is the diagnosis of post menopausal bleeding until proven otherwise?
endometrial cancer
what is the main risk factor for endometrial cancer?
excess oestrogen
give 3 things that cause increased oestrogen and therefore increase the risk of endometrial cancer
nuliparity
early menarche
late menopause
what is the normal endometrial thickness?
<4mm
what is the highly negative predictive value finding of a transvaginal ultrasound for endometrial cancer?
endometrial thickness <4mm
what can be used for patients with stress incontinence who have tried pelvic floor exercises and do not want surgery?
duloxetine