Obs Flashcards
Term
> 37wk
Premature
20-36+6 wk
Abortion
<20wk
Or
<500 g
Goodell’s sign
Softening of cervix
4-6 wk
Chadwick’s sign
Bluish discoloration of cervix and vagina
6wk
Hegat
Softening of the cervical isthmus
6-8wk
Time of beta detection in pregnancy
9d post conception in serum
28d after LMP in urine
Beta doubling time
q 1.4-2 d
Peak of beta in pregnancy
8-10 wk
Visible pregnancy on TVS
5wk: gestational sac
6wk: fetal pole
7wk: FHR
Visible pregnancy on transabdominal U/S
6-8wk
Beta rule of 10
Missed mense:10
Wk 10: 100,000
Term:10,000
No of WBC in preg
Increased
Plt in preg
> 70,000
Asymptomatic
Returns to nl 2-12 wk following delivery
Normal glycosuria in pregnancy
T3
Folic acid supplementation
8-12 wk preconception until end of T1
All women: 0.4-1 mg/d
Previous NTD/AED/DM/BMI>35 :5mg/d
Supplements before pregnancy
Folic acid
Iron
Prenatal vitamins
Preconception genetic testing indications
Known carriers
Recurrent loss/stillbirth
Family member with developmental delay/birth anomaly/genetic disease
Consanguinity
Prenatal infection screening
Rubella HBsAg VDRL HIV Pap smear Gonorrhea Chlamydia TB (Hx of travel, health care worker) Varicella (Hx, vaccination) Parvovirus (exposure to children) CMV (health care workers) Toxo (exposure to cats, gardening) Pertussis (vaccine)
Initial prenatal visit
Within 8-12 wk of LMP
Earlier if <20, >35
Naegle’s rule for EDC
1st day of LMP + 1y -3mo +7d +number of cycle days more than 28
If unreliable LMP
Dating U/S
Change EDC if T1 U/S is greater than 5 days in difference from LMP due date
Initial prenatal investigations
CBC, Blood group, Rh, antibody screen, infection screen
Urine R&M, midstream urine C&S
Pelvic exam: Pap smear, cervical/urine PCR for gono/chlamy
NT
12 wk
N/V Mx
Weigh
Hydration evaluation
Urine ketones
Ginger max
1000 mg/d
Medication for N/V
Diclectin (doxylamine succinate + B6) No response, dimenhydrinate Hydroxyzine Pyridoxine Phenothiazine Metoclopeamide B6 lollipop \+/- fluid replacement
Hyperemesis gravidarum
CBC, lytes, BUN, Cr, LFT, U/A, U/S
R/O other causes: TFT, beta
Mx of hyperemesis gravidarum
Thiamine Diclectin Dimenhydrinate Hydroxyzine Pyridoxine Phenothiazine Metoclopramide Ondansetron Methylprednisolone Admission, NPO, then small frequent meals, correct fluid/lytes/ketosis, TPN
Encephalopathy due to hyperemesis gravidarum
Wernicke
Prenatal visits
1st: 8-12 wk from LMP
Then q 4-6 wk until 30 wk
Q 2-3 wk from 30 wk
q 1-2 wk from 36 wk
Doppler for FHR
10-12 wk
Leopold time
After 30-32 wk
Legal aspect of prenatal screening
Requires informed concent
1st dating U/S
8-12 wk
Prenatal screening
8-12 wk
Dating U/S Pap Chlamydia/Gono Urine C&S HIV VDRL HBsAg CBC, blood group, screen Parvovirus IgM/G if contact with small children Varicella if no Hx of disease/immunization
NIPT
Cell-free fetal DNA
> 10 wk
Requires dating U/S
CVS
10-12 wk
Enhanced FTS
11-14 wk
Screening
11-14 wk
Enhanced FTS
IPS part1
(NT, beta, PAPP-A, PIGF, AFP)
NT
11-14 wk
Amniocentesis
15-16 wk to term
IPS part2
15-20 wk
MSAFP, beta, unconj-est, inhibin A
MSS
15-20 wk MSAFP Beta Unconj-est Inhibin A
Fetal movement quickening
18-20 wk to term
Routine dating U/S (2nd)
18-20 wk
Dates, growth, anatomy
GDM screening
24-28 wk
50 g OGCT
Repeat CBC, BG, Rh, Rhogam
28 wk
GBS screen
35-37 wk
6 wk postpartum
Contraception Mense Breastfeeding Depression Mental health Support Breast exam Pelvic exam (pap if due)
Most accurate dating method
U/S 8-12 wk
CRL (+/- 5d margin of error)
U/Ss in pregnancy
8-12 wk dating
11-14 wk NT
18-20 wk growth/anomaly/ dating (error: +/- 10 d)
What does NIPT search for?
Down
Trisomy 18,13, some X/Y disorders, some microdeletions
Ready in 7-10 d
Increased NT
Down
Turner
Cardiac anomalies
Trisomy 18
Disadvantages of NIPT
Doesn’t test for NTD
Needs confirmation with invasive tests
Down in FTS
Increased NT
Increased Beta
Decreased PAPP-A
Trisomy 18 in FTS
Increased NT
Decreased PAPP-A
Decreased Beta
Disadvantages of FTS
Doesn’t check NTD (needs combination with MSAFP at 15-20 wk)
If positive, confirm with CVS/amniocentesis/NIPT
Down in MSS
Decreased MSAFP
Increased Beta
Decreased est
Trisomy 18 in MSS
Decreased beta
Decreased MSAFP
Decreased est
Decreased inhibin
ONTD in MSS
Increased MSAFP
Disadvantages of MSS
Late
Only offered if missed IPS/ FTS
If positive needs U/S, amniocentesis OR NIPT
IPS
NT+ FTS + MSS
Disadvantage of IPS
If positive, needs U/S, amniocentesis, NIPT
Fundus at pubic symphysis
12 wk
Fundus at umbilicus
20 wktwd
Mature fetal lung in AC
L:S ratio: 2
Indication of diagnostic tests (AC, CVS)
Age>35
Abnl screen (FTS, MSS,IPS, NIPT)
PHx/FHx of: chromosomal anomaly, genetic disease, carrier parent, consanguinity, >3 spontaneous abortions
Time of results for AC and CVS
AC: 14-28d (FISH/PCR: 48 h)
CVS: 48 h
Which one is more accurate? AC or CVS?
AC
Vitamin insufficiency implicated in NTD
Folate
Zn
Risk of isoimmunization (Rh neg mom, Rh pos fetus)
16 %
Inv for isoimmunization (if Rh neg mother)
Indirect coombs at first prenatal visit KB test U/S (hydrops) MCA doppler (fetal anemia) Serial AC ( bil, if MCA doppler not available, to assess degree of hemolysis) Cordocentrsis (fetal Hb, not 1st line)
Rh titer indicating increased risk of fetal hemolytic anemia
1:16
Rhogam in nl pregnancy (coombs negative mom)
28 wk
Within 72 h of delivery
Amount of fetomaternal bleeding covered by 1 Rhogam
30 ml
If Rh neg, coombs positive mother
Monthly ab titer,
+ U/S
+/- serial AC
Milk product in pregnancy
3-4 servings/d
Daily caloric increase
T1: 100
T2:300
T3:300
Lact:450
Multivitamins
In inadequate intake in T2
Folate
0.4/d
5 if high risk
Ca
1200-1500
Vit D
1000
Iron
T1: 0.8
T2: 4-5
T3: >6
Suppl: 30 mg/d
Caffein
Less than 300
1- cup
Mercury in fish
0.5
Exercise
Talk test
No supine after 20 wk
Contra to exercise if Hb
10 or less
Exercise with twin pregnancy
Not after 28 wk
Air travel
Not after 36-38 wk
Intercourse
May continue except:
Risk of abortion, preterm labour, placenta previa
Medication with risk of kernicterus
Sulpha in T3
Grey baby syndrome
Chloramphenicol
Oral typhoid vaccine in preg
Not allowed
Vaccines for all during preg
Influenza
Tdap at 26 wk
Postpartum vaccines
Rubella if none immune
HBV to infant within 12 h (if mother positive or unknown), then at 1 and 6 mo
If mother has received an adult booster of MMR and is still non immune against rubella
Should NOT be revaccinated
Radioactive iodine during pregnancy
Contraindicated
1st notice of fetal movement
Primigravida:18-20 wk
Multigravida:1-2 wk earlier
Anterior placenta:1-2 wk later
FM count if:
High risk woman
Concerned woman
Usually after 26 wk
If subjective decrease in FM
Drink juice Eat Change position Move to a quiet room Count for 2 h
Expected movements
6 or more during 2 hr
If less, pt presented to labour and delivery tiage
NST normal baseline
110-160
Nl variability
6-25
If 5 or less, <40 min
Normal deceleration
None/occasional variable, <30 sec
Nl acceleration in term
2, 15 or more bpm, 15 s in <40 min
Nl acceleration in preterm
> 2, >10 bpm, 10 s, in <40 min
Abn baseline NST
<100: bradycardia
>160 for >30 min: tachy
Erratic baseline
Abn variability
5 or less for for 80 min
Sinusoidal
25 bpm for >10 min
Abn deceleration
Variable deceleration > 60 s
Late deceleration
Abn acceleration in term
<2 accelerations wirh acme of 15 or more, lasting 15s in > 80 min
Abn acceleration in pre-term
<2 accelerations with acke of >10 bpm, 10s, in >80 min
Atypical NST baseline
100-110
>160 for <30 min
Atypical variability
5 for 40-80 min
Atypical deceleration
Variable 30-60 sec
Atypical acceleration
2, 15 or more bpm, 15 s in 40-80 min
Atypical acceleration in preterm
<2, >10 bpm, 10 s in 40-80 min
Atypical NST Mx
Requires further assessment
Abn NST Mx
Requires urgent action
U/S, BPP, delivery
If no acceleration in 1st 20 min of NST
Stimulate the fetus, continur monitoring for another 30 min
BPP parameters
Flexion/extension x1
Movement x3
Breathing x 30s
AFV, one 2x2 pocket
Marker of chronic hypoxia in BPP
AFV
Interpretation of BPP
8: nl
6: repeat BPP in 24 h
0-4: consider delivery
Mean onset of bleeding in previa
30 wk
Pelvic exam in T3 bleeding
DO NOT PERFORM UNTILL PREVIA RULED OUT BY U/S
Amount of overlap in T3 that predicts C/S
> 20 mm
Amount if overlap after 35 wk that predicts C/S
Any amount
Previa investigation
TVS
Indication of repeating TVS in T3 in previa
Placenta lies between 20 mm of overlap and 20 mm away from os
Mx of previa
Large bore IV, fluid, O2 V/S, U/O, blood loss, Hct, CBC, plt, PTT, INR, fibrinogen, FDP, type and cross match EFM U/S when stable Rhogam, KB
Delivery time in previa
If: GA 37wk or more, profuse bleeding, L/S:2, delivery by C/S
If <37 wk and minimal bleeding, admit, limit (activity, douche, intercourse, enema), Steroid, delivery if any of the above conditiins
The most common cause of DIC in pregnancy
Abruptio placenta
The most common cause of pathological bleeding in T3
Abruptio placenta
Dx of abruptio
Clinical
No role for U/S
Mx of abruptio
Large bore IV, fluid, O2
V/S, U/O, blood loss
Hct, CBC, plt, PTT, INR, fibrinogen, FDP, blood type and cross match
EFM
Blood products on hand (red cell, plt, CP)
Rhogam, KB test
Delivery in abruptio
If mod-sev:
Hydrate, restore blood loss, correct coagulation, the NVD
NVD
C/S if: live fetus and fetal/maternal distress, labour fails to progress, containdicated NVD
If mild:
If 37 wk or higher or mature fetus or profuse hemorrhage, deliver
Otherwise serial Hct
inv for vasa previa
Apt test (blood+NaOH) Wright stain on blood (nucleated RBCs)
Vasa previa Mx
Emergency C/S
The most important RF for preterm labour
Hx of preterm labour
Cervical length and PTL
If > 30 mm in 34 wk, high NPV
Bacterial RFs for PTL
BV, ureaplasma urealyticum
But screening only indicated for high risk women
The most common cause of neonatal mortality
PTL
Predicting PTL in symptomatic women
Cervicovaginal fluid fibronectin
+
U/S of cervical length
PTL Dx
Regular contractions: 2/10 min, >6/h
Cervix> 1cm dilated
Cervix> 80% effaced
Length< 2.5 cm
Initial Mx of PTL
Hydration LLDP Morphine Avoid repeated pelvic exam U/S, BPP of fetus Erythro if PPROM Tocolytic •CCB, nifedipine •indonethacin MgS, if delivery between 24-31+6 wk or prevention of eclampsia Beta/Dexa
1st line tocolytic <30 wk
Indomethacin
1st line tocolytic in polyhydramnios
Indomethacin
Contraindication to beta/dexa
Maternal active TB
Inv in PROM
sterile speculum Nitrazine turns blue Cascade sign/fluid pooling in posterior fornix Ferning U/S, BPP Decreased AFV
PROM Mx
Admit Expectant management V/S q4h WBC/d BPP/d Beta if <34 wk (up to 36+6 wk if no infection) \+/- tocolytic, if labour Screen for UTI, STI, GBS Tx GBS at the time of labour Penicillin/macrolide if not in labour Urgent delivery if: fetal distress, choriamnionitis
Delivery in PROM
<24wk: termination 24-25 wk: counseling of parents 26-34 wk: expectant management 34-36 wk: either expectant Mx or delivery 37 or more: induction of labour
AB use in PROM not in labour
<32wk, administer
>32wk, if lung maturity cannot be proven/delivery not planned
AB associated with NEC
Amoxi/clavu
Postdate definition
> 42 wk
Postdate delivery
If mother>40, IOL in GA>39 wk
GA 40-41 wk: expectant management
GA>41 wk: offer IOL (last nl week)
If GA>41 and expectant management chosen, serial fetal surveillance (FM count, BPP q 3-4 d)
If AFI decreased, should induce labour
MSAFP in fetal demise
Increased
Fetal demise on doppler
Not diagnostic
Dx of fetal demise
Absent cardiac activity and FM on U/S
Mx
U/S
HbA1c, fasting glucose, TSH, KB test, VDRL, ANA, CBC, anticardiolipins, Ab screens, INR/PTT, serum/urine toxicology, cervical/vaginal cultures, TORCH screen
Fetal: karyotype, cord blood, genetic evaluation, autopsy, AF culture for CMV/parvo B19/ HSV
Placenta: pathology, bacterial cultures
Fetal demise Tx
<12wk: dilation and curettage
13-20 wk: dilation and evacuation, maybe IOL
>20 wk: IOL
Monitor for coagulopathy
Psychological care/bereavement support
Discussion about results of investigations within 3 mo
Help plan future pregnancies
Risk of DIC with fetal demise
10%
IUGR definition
Wt<10th percentile
Or
<2500 g at term
Most important RF for IUGR
Previous IUGR
Inv for IUGR
SFH
If high risk mother/SFH lagging> 2cm behind GA: U/S(BPD, HC,AC,FL,Wt,AFV,rate of growth)
+/- BPP
Doppler of umbilical cord
IUGR prevention
Risk modification before preg
IUGR Mx
Modify controllable factors: smoking, alcohol, nutrition, illnesses
Bed rest in LLDP
Serial BPP
Delivery if: abn function tests, absence of growth, severe oligo, especially if >34 wk
Mode of delivery in IUGR
C/S
Macrosomia definition
> 90th percentile
>4000 g
Macrosomia inv
Serial FSH
If high risk mother/ SFH > 2cm ahead of GA, further inv
Macrosomia Mx
If EFW> 5000 in non-diabetic, C/S
If EFW> 4500 in diabetics, C/S
Polyhydramnios definition
AFI>25
Or
Single deepest picket>8cm
Poly Mx
Screen for mother disease/infection
Complete fetal U/S evaluation
Poly Tx
Mild-mod, nothing
Severe, hospitalize, therapeutic AC
Olygohydramnios definition
AFI<5
Deepest pocket <2 cm
Oligo manage
Admit R/O ROM NST/BPP U/S Doppler of umbilical cord/uterine artery Hydration Fluid injection Delivery if term.
Time of U/S chorionicity determination
8-12 wk
Mx of multiple gestation
Serial U/S q 2-3 wk from 24 wk
More U/S if mono-di or mono-mono
Doppler weekly if discordant fetal growth
BPP as needed
Mode of delivery in twins
May attempt NVD if twin A vertex
Otherwise C/S
If separation in 72h
Diamniotic-dichorionic
If 4-8d
Di-Mono
Mono-mono
9-12d
Concern in twin-twin transfusion syndrome
> 30 % discordance in wt
The twin with kernicterus risk
Recipient
Twin-twin transfusion investigation
U/S screening
Doppler flow analysis
Mx of twin-twin transfusion
Serial AC of recipient
Intrauterine blood transfusion to donor
Laparoscopic occlusion of placental vessels
Fetoscopic laser ablation of vascular anastomoses
Most common breech
Frank
Most common breech to be delivered vaginally
Frank
ECV criteria
>36 wk Singleton Unengaged Reactive NST Not in labour
Contra to ECV
T3 bleed Prior classical C/S Previous myomectomy Oligo PROM Previa Abn U/S Suspected IUGR HTN Uteroplacental insufficiency Nuchal cord
ECV method
Tocometry Rhogam U/S guide Constant fetal heart monitoring Pre/early labour U/S (if not available, C/S)
Criteria for vaginal breech delivery
Frank/complete GA> 36 wk EFW 2500-3800 Head flexed Continuous monitoring 2 experienced obstetricians, assistant, anesthetist Ability to perform C/S within 30 min No IOL recommended Informed consent
C/S recommended in breech if:
Breech not descended to perineum in 2nd stage after 2 h
Absence of active pushing
Vaginal delivery not imminent after 1 hour of active pushing
Contra to NVD in breech
Cord presentation
Inadequate pelvis
Fetal factors (macrosomia, IUGR, hydrocephalus)
Routine mode of delivery in breech
Present ECV and elective C/S as options
Obtain informed concent
Pre-existing HTN definition
> 140/90
Prior to 20 wk
Persisting >7 wk postpartum
Gestational HTN
sBP> 140, dBP>90
Developing after 20 wk
No proteinuria
Fetus evaluation in gestational HTN
FM NST U/S for growth BPP Doppler
Inv for gestational HTN
CBC PTT,INR, fibrinogen (if abn LFT or bleeding) AST, ALT Creatinine, uric acid 24h urine collection (pro, ACR)
Tx of pre-existent/gestational HTN
Non-severe (140-159/90-110?):
If comorbidity, target: <140/90
If without comorbidity, target: <155/105 , >130/80
• labetalol, nifedipine, a-methyldopa
Severe (>160/110):
•labetalol (IV), nifedipine, hydralazine (IV)
• Ca 1g/d
Delivery in HTN
If no deterioration, follow until 37 wk, then IOL
Preeclampsia definition
HTN (pre-existing/gestational)
+ new onset proteinuria/ adverse conditions
Mx of preeclampsia
- if stable/no adverse factors, admit, follow, delivery in 34-36 wk
- if severe, stabilize and deliver (maternal monitoring: hourly input/output, urine dip q 12 h, hourly neurological vitals, fetal monitoring: continuous)
- antihypertensive therapy: labetalol, nifedipine, hydralazine
- seizure prevention in severe preec: MgSO4
- umbilical Doppler
- steroids for all < 34wk
- Ca at least 1g/d
Greatest risk of seizure in preeclamsia
First 24 h postpartum
Postpartum Mx of preeclampsia
Continue MgSO4 12-24 h
Vitals q 1h
Return to normotensive
Within 2 wk
Eclampsia
Generalized convulsion/coma in setting of preeclampsia
Dx evaluation in eclampsia
Not needed if typical.
Indications: focal deficits, prolonged coma
Eclampsia Mx
ABC LLDP O2 If BP: 160/105 or more, aggressive hydralazine/labetalol MgSO4 Delivery
Mode of delivery in eclapsia
Depends on fetal-maternal condition
Prevention of preeclampsia in high risk women
Aspirin 75-100 until delivery
Eclampsia prior to 20 wk
Underlying molar pregnancy
APLS
Tx of IDA
30-120 mg/d
325 mg ferrous…
Fumarate: 106 mg elemental iron
Sulfate: 65
Gluconate:36
Polysaccharide-iron complex: 150
Iron needed per fetus
1 g
Diabetes 1/2 in preconception period
Refer to high risk clinic
Optimize glycemic control
Counsel pt
Evaluate: retinopathy, neuropathy, CAD
DM 1/2 in pregnancy
Switch to insulin
Tight glycemic control
Adjust dose in T2
In addition to nl pregnancy monitoring: initial 24 h urine protein, CrCl, retinal exam, HbA1c
Fetal surveillance in DM1/2
Increased
BPP
NST
Echo
Indication of fetal echo in DM 1/2
High HbA1c during T1/ prior to pregnancy
Delivery in DM1/2
If BS well controlled, BPP normal, wait for spontaneous labour
Induce: 38-39 wk
Monitor BS q1 h
Insulin+ dextrose drip
Aim: BS: 3.5-6.5
Mode of delivery in DM1/2
Elective C/S if > 4500 g
Postpartum in DM1/2
No need for insulin for 48-72 h
Monitor BS q 6 h
When BS> 8 restart insulin (2/3 of prepregnancy dosage)
Controversial OHA during preg
Merformin
Glyburide
GDM screening
24-28 for all
At any GA for high risk
Screening options for GDM
- 1 step screening with 75g
* 2 step screening with 50g random non-fasting OGTT, then 75g fasting OGTT
BS aims in DM1/2 during pregnancy
FPG 5.3 or less (95)
1 h post prandial PG 7.8 or less (140)
2 h post prandial PG 6.7 or less (120)
Monthly HbA1c
The glucose level most effective at determining adverse outcomes
Post prandial
Mx of GDM
1st line
Diet modification
Increased physical activity
Continue for 2 wk
If LSM not useful after 2 wk
Initiate insulin
OHA off-label
Postpartum GFM
Stop insulin Stop diabetic diet 75g OGTT by 3 mo Glucose challenge test q 3 y LSM
End-organ involvements/deterioration
In type 1/2 DM (NOT GDM)
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Congenital anomalies in DM
Occurs with DM1/2 (NOT GDM)
ROM duration for GBS
18h
GBS screening
35-37wk
Intrapartum GBS prophylaxis indications
Previous infant with GBS infection GBS bacteriuria during any trimester Positive vaginal/rectal screening culture Unknown GBS status at the onset of labour if: •<37wk •rupture18 h or more •intrapartum T 38 or more •intrapartum NAAT positive for GBS
GBS inv
Vaginal/anorectal swab for culture
All women
35-37 wk
GBS prophylaxis
Penicillin G If allergy to penicillin: • if risk of anaphylaxis: vanco • if no risk: cefazolin IV Until delivery
If fever: broad spectrum
UTI infection inv
U/A
Urine C&S
If recurrent: cystoscopy, renal function tests
1st line for uncomplicated UTI during preg
Amoxicillin 250-500 tid x7d
Alternatives for uncomplicated UTI
Nitrofurantoin 100 bid
F/U for UTI in preg
Monthly urine culture
Pyelonephritis Tx in preg
Hospitalize, IV AB
Greatest transmission risk of varicella
13-30 wk
5d pre- to 2d post-delivery
Mx of mother exposure to varicella
VZIG
Greatest transmission risk of CMV
T1-T3
Greatest transmission of erythema infectiosum (parvo)
10-20 wk
Mx of parvo
Serology PCR MSAFP If IgM present: fetus U/S for hydrops If hydrops: fetal transfusion
Greatest transmission of HBV
T3
Risk of transmission of HBV
If only HBsAg +, 10%
If both HBsAg and HBeAg +, 90%
Mx of HBV in pregnancy
HBIG to neonate
+ vaccine (birth, 1, 6)
Greatest transmission of HSV
Delivery
Less commonly in utero
Mx of HSV in preg
Acyclovir if mother symptomatic
Suppressive Tx at 36 wk: controversial
If active genital lesions, even remote from vulva: C/S
Greatest transmission of HIV
1/3 in utero
1/3 at delivery
1/3 breastfeeding
Mx of HIV in preg
Triple ART C/S if: • no ART • only monotherapy • viral load unknown • viral load > 500 • unknown prenatal care • pt request
Greatest transmission of syphilis
T1-T3
Tx of syphilis during preg
Penicillin G 2.4 m x1 IM if early
Penicillin G 2.4 m x3 IM if late
If allergy: clindamycin 900 IV tid
F/U of syphilis Tx
VDRL monthly
Rubella greatest transmission
T1
Toxo greatest transmission time
T3
But most severe if T1
Concern only with primary infection during pregnancy
Toxo Dx
Serology
AF PCR
Toxo Tx
Spiramycin: decreases fetal morbidity but not fetal transmission
Transmissible via breast milk
HIV
HBV
CMV
Highest risk of DVT
T3, postpartum
Highest risk of PE
Postpartum
DVT inv
Duplex venous Doppler sono
CXR & V/Q scan
Spiral CT
Mx of DVT/PE
Baseline CBC, plt, PTT UFH Bolus 5000 then 30000/24h aPTT after 6h Maintain aPTT at 1.5-2 x normal Once therapeutic, repeat aPTT q 24h
Can also use LMWH
Compression stockings
VTE prophylaxis
Women on long-term anticoag: full therapeutic throughout pregnancy and 6-12 wk postpartum
Women with non-active PMHx of VTE: UFH suggested
Women with acquired thrombophilia: ASA+ heparin
False labour (Braxton-Hicks)
Irregular Unchanged intensity Long intervals Throughout pregnancy No cervical dilation No effacement No descent relieved by rest or sedation
Delivery mode in brow presentation
C/S
Delivery mode in face presentation
Mentum posterior: C/S
Mentum anterior: can deliver vaginally
Rate of cervical dilatation in active phase
Nuliparous: 1 cm/h or more
Multiparous: 1.2 cm/h or more
Third stage duration before intervention
30 min
Best time for oxytocin
After delivery of anterior shoulder
Or
After delivery of placenta
To reduce PPH
Stages of labour most dangerous to mother (hemorrhage)
3rd and 4th
Fetal monitoring during labour
Auscultation with doppler q 15-30 min for 1 min in first stage active phase, following a contraction
Auscultation q 5 min during 2nd stage when pushing has begun
Continuous FHR monitoring if: abn auscultation, prolonged labour, induced/augmented labour, meconium present, multiple gestation, fetal complication. (NOT ROUTINELY)
Normal variability indicates:
Acceptable fetal acid-base status
Mx of abn FHR
LLDP O2 Fluid Scalp stimulation Scalp electrode Scalp pH Stop oxitocin Notify MD Vaginal exam: cord prolapse Fever? Dehydration? Drug effect? Prematurity?
If all failed, C/S
Most common type of periodicity during labour
Variable deceleration
Reason for early deceleration
Head compression
Reason for variable deceleration
Cord pressure
Pushing+ contraction
Reason for complicated variable deceleration
Acidemia
Complicated variable deceleration:
Drop to <70 >60 sec Loss of variability or decrease in baseline after return Biphasic deceleration Slow return Baseline tachy/bradycardia
Late deceleration reason
Uteroplacental insufficiency
Ominous sign
Fetal scalp blood sampling indications
Atypical/abn FHR
Indicated by clinic or FHR pattern
Interpretation of scalp samplr
pH 7.25 or higher, lactate 4.2 or lower: Nl
pH 7.21-7.24, lactate 4.2-4.8: repeat assessment in 30 min, or, delivery if rapid fall
pH 7.20 or lower, lactate > 4.8: fetal acidosis, delivery indicated
Contra to scalp sampling
Suspected fetal dyscrasia
Active maternal infection
1st most common reason for IOL
Post-dates
2nd most common reason for IOL
DM
Cervical ripening methods
Intravaginal PGE2 gel
Cervidil PGE2: may use if ROM
Intravaginal PGE1: misoprostol: T2 termination
Foley catheter: mechanical
IOL methods
Amniotomy
Oxitocin
Abn progression of labour
Active phase: > 4 h of < 0.5 cm/h progression
2nd stage: >1h with no descent during active pushing
Dystocia Mx
Confirm labour
Search for (pressure/passage/passenger/psych)
Search for CPD
If CPD ruled out, IV oxytocin, amniotomy
Dx of dystocia
Adequate contractions (with IUPC) without descent/dilation for > 2h
Turtle sign
Shoulder dystocia
Erb/klumpke palsies prognosis
90% resolve within 6 mo
FHR in cord prolapse
Variable decelerations
Bradycardia
Cord prolapse Mx
Emergency C/S O2 Elevate fetal head Keep cord moist Mom onto all fours Trendelenburg or Knee-to-chest Emergent C/S If fetal demise or <22 wk, allow VD
Most common presentation of uterine rupture
Prolonged fetal bradycardia
Tx of uterine rupture
R/O abruption
Immediate delivery
Maternal stabilization
Time of amniotic fluid embolus
Intrapartum, immediate post partum
Leading cause of maternal death in induced abortion/miscarriage
AF embolus
Amniotic fluid embolus Mx
High flow O2 Ventilation Fluid Inotropic Intubation Coagulopathy correction ICU admission
Chorioamnionitis inv
CBC
AF: WBC, bacteria
Chorioamnionitis Tx
IV AB
Ampi, genta, clinda
Expedient delivery regardless of GA
Meconium staining Tx
Call respiratory therapy, pediatrician, neonatology to delivery room
FHR monitoring
Indications of operative VD
Atypical/abn FHR Evidence of fetal compromise Prolonged 2nd stage Need to avoid voluntary expulsive effort Exhaustion Lack of cooperation Excessive analgesia
Contra to operational VD
Non- vertex
Unengaged
Incomplete cervix dilation
Contra to vacuum
<34 wk <2500 g Fetal head deflexed Fetus require rotation Fetal bleeding disorder Non vertex
Midline episiotomy
Advantage: heals better
Disadvantage: increased risk of 3rd/4th tears
Mediolateral episiotomy
Through bulbocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle, levator ani
Advantage: reduced risk of extensive tear, easier to repair
Disadvantage: more painful
Indications for classical C/S
Transverse lie Preterm breech Fetal anomaly >2 fetuses Lower segment adhesions Obstructing fibroid Morbidly obese
Indication for low vertical C/S
Very preterm
Average blood loss in C/S
1000 cc
Decreased risk of uterine rupture with TOLAC
Low transverse incision
>18 mo interval
>1 layer closure
Contra to TOLAC
Previous classical/inverted T/ unknown incision Previous complete transection of uterine Previa Non-vertex presentation Inadequate facilities/personnel for C/S Previous uterine rupture Previous uterine surgery Multiple gestation
Most common cause of PPH
Tone
Etiology of PPH
Tone
Tissue
Thrombin
Trauma
PPH investigation
Assess blood loss/shock
Inspect uterus/lower genital tract
Red-topped tube of blood
PPH Mx
ABC, Call for help Large bore IV x2, crystalloids free CBC, Coagulation profile, cross & type, pRBC Underlying Foley to monitor U/O Oxytocin Methylergonovin Carboprost Misoprostol Tranex Bimanual massage Uterine packing Bakri balloon
Late PPH etiology
Retained tissue (+/- endometritis) Sub involution of uterus
Intractable PPH
D & C Artery embolization Laparotomy with bilateral ligation Hysterectomy If post hysterectomy bleeding, angiographic embolization
Retained placenta inv
Explore uterus
Assess blood loss
Retained placenta Mx
2 large bore IVs Type and screen Brant maneuver (if failed, manual removal) Oxytocin D&C Ancef if manual or D&C
Uterine inversion Mx
ABC, IV crystalloids Tocolytics/ IV NTG Replace uterus Manual removal and slow withdrawal of placenta Oxytocin Re-explore uterus May need laparotomy, general anasthesia
Endometritis Dx
Blood/genital cultures
Endometritis Tx
Clinda+genta IV
Oral if well
Mastitis
Cloxacillin/cephalexin
Wound infection
Sitz bath
Cephalexin
Prophylaxis agains C/S wound infection
Cephazolin 2 g IV 30 min before incision
Mammary duct ectasia
Post-menopausal women
Gray-green, thick discharge
Lactational mastitis time
2-3 wk postpartum
Etilogy of lactational mastitis
Staph aureus
Tx of lactational mastitis
Packs(hot/ice)
AB (cloxa/cephalexin/erythro)
Continue nursing
Purulent breast discharge
Abscess
Lactational abscess Tx
IV AB
I&D
Stop nursing
Most common type of non-lactational mastitis
Periductal
Time of non-lactational mastitis
32 yo
Etiology of non-lactational mastitis
Staph aureus
Sterile
Anaerobes
RF:smoking
Non-lactational mastitis
Broad IV AB
I&D
Total duct excision
If no resolution, FNA, U/S
Mastitis with nipple inversion
Non-lactational
Postpartum pyrexia etiology
B-5W Breast: mastitis, engorgement Wind: athelectasia, pneumonia Water: UTI WOUND: episiotomy, C/S wound Walking: DVT, thrombophelebitis Womb: endometritis
Postpartum blues
Onset: 3-10d
Resolution: by 2 wk
Postpartum depression onset
Within 6 mo
Postpartum major depression Tx
Antidepressant
Psychotherapy
Supportive care
ECT
Postpartum psychosis onset
Within first month postpartum
Over 48-72h
Pap smear after delivery
At 6 wk
Return of ovulation postpartum
Non-lactating: 45 d
Lactating: 3-6 mo
Locia
Rubra 3-4d
Serosa
Alba 3-6 wk
Inadequate milk Tx
Domperidone
Breast engorgement
Cool compress
Manual expression/pumping
Nipple pain
Clean after breast feeding
Moisture cream
Topical steroid
Postpartum bladder dysfunction Mx
Kegel exercise Pelvic physiotherapy Vaginal cone or pessaries Limit fluid/caffeine Surgical Mx
After pain time
1st 3 days
After pain Tx
Analgesic