Infectious Disases Flashcards
Preventive measures for contact infectious
Contact precaution
Barrier precaution
Safe needle/sharp practices
Example of droplet borne infections
Influenza
Mumps
N.meningitidis
Bordetella pertussis
Prevention of droplet borne diseases
Contact/droplet precaution
Droplet borne range
Up to 2 meters
Airborne infections examples
TB
VZV
measles
Preventive measures for airborne diseases
Airborne precaution
Preventive measures for food/water borne infections
Vaccination where available
Clean food/water supply
Contact precautions
Preventive measures for zoonotic infections
Prophylactic meds
Vaccination
Protective clothing
Repellents
Mosquito nets
Tick inspection
Preventive measures for vertical infections
Prenatal screening
Prophylactic treatment
Definition of nosocomial infections
Acquired more than 48 h after admission
Or
Within 30 days from discharge
RFs for nosocomial infection
Prolonged hospital stay
AB use
Hemodialysis
Intensive care
Colonization with a resistant organism
Immunodeficiency
Common nosocomial infectious agents
MRSA
VRE
C.difficile
Extended spectrum B-lactamase producing E.Coli, K.Pneumoniae
Inv for nosocomial MRSA
Admission screening culture from nares and peri-anal region (to identify colonization)
Culture of infected sites
CXR
Mx of MRSA nosocomial infection
Contact precaution
Vancomycin
Linezolid
Daptomycin
Decolonization:
2% chlorhexidine wash
+doxy/TMP-SMX/refampin x7d
+mupirocin bid to nares x7d
Inv for vancomycin resistant enterococcus
Rectal/perirectal swab Or Stool culture For colonization
Culture of infected site
Management of nosocomial VRE
Contact precautions
Ampicillin
Linezolid
Tigecycline
Daptomycice
No effective decolonization method
C. Difficile inv
Stool PCR for toxin A and B genes
Stool immunoassay for toxins A and B (less sensitive than PCR)
AXR
Sigmoidoscopy (avoid if known colonic dilatation)
Mx of nosocomial C. Difficile
Contact precautions
Stop culprit AB
IV fluid
Mild-mod: metronidazole, PO, x 10-14 d
Severe: vancomycin, PO, x 10-14 d
Toxic megacolon: metronidazole IV + Vancomycin PO + general surgery consult
Most common culprit ABs for C.difficile
Q
Cephalosporins
ESBL producing E.Coli, K. Pneumoniae inv
Blood/sputum/urine/aspirated fluid culture
Imaging at infected site: CXR, CT, U/S
Mx of ESBL producing
Carbapenems
Non-betalactams
The most common organisms in community-acquired pneumonia
Typical S. Pneumoniae M.catarrhalis HI S.aureus GAS
Atypical:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Viral:
Influenza virus
Adenovirus
The most common organisms in nosocomial pneumonia
Enteric GNB
Pseudomonas
S. Aureus
Aspiration
Oral anerobes
Enteric GNB
S. Aureus
Gastric contents
The most common organisms in pneumonia in ImmComp pts
P. Jiroveci
Fungi
Nocardia
CMV
HSV
TB
The most common organisms in pneumonia in alcoholic pt
Klebsiella
Enteric GNB
S. Aureus
Oral anaerobes
TB
As of klebsiella
Alcoholic
Aspiration
Abscess
Red currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella
Most common location for aspiration pneumonia
Right middle or lower lobes
Inv for pneumonia
Pulse oximetry, ABG
CBC, diff, Electrolytes
Urea, Cr, U/A
Troponin/CK,
LFT
Sputum Gram stain/C&S
Blood C&S
Serology/viral detection
Pleural fluid C&S
CXR, CT
Bronchoscopy, washing
Indication of pleural effusion assessment in pneumonia
If effusion > 5cm
Indication of bronchoscopy and washing in pneumonia
Severely ill pt refractory to Tx
ImmComp
Tx of pneumonia
ABC
O2
IV fluid
Salbutamol
Determining the need for hospitalization, and AB
CURB 65 score for pneumonia admission
Confusion: 1
Urea/BUN: > 7/20 : 1
RR > 30: 1
BP > 90/60 : 1
Age > 65 : 1
If 2: hospitalize
If 4: ICU
AB for CAP
outpatient
No comorbidity
No AB within last 3 mo
Macrolide
Or
Doxy
AB for CAP Outpatient With comorbidity Or AB within last 3 mo
Respiratory Q (moxi, gemi, levo)
Or
B-lactam (cefotax, ceftria, ampi-bactam)+ Macrolide
AB for CAP
Inpatient
Ward
Respiratory Q
AB for CAP
Inpatient
ICU
B-lactam + macrolide
Or
B-lactam+ Q
Tx of HAP
No increased likelihood if MRSA
No hogh risk of mortality
Piperacillin-tazobactam Or Cefepime Or Levo Or Imipenem Or Meropenem
Tx of HAP
With increased likelihood of MRSA
Not at high risk of mortality
Piperacillin-tazobactam Or Cefepime Or Ceftazidime Or Levo Or Cipro Or Imipenem Or Meropenem Or Aztreonam
PLUS
Vancomycin
Or
Linezolid
If HAP
with high risk of mortality
Or
Recipient of IV AB within last 3 mo
Two of (avoid 2 Beta) Piperacillin-tazobactam Or Cefepime Or Ceftazidime Or Levo Or Cipro Or Imipenem Or Meropenem Or Aztreonam Or amika/genta/tubra
PLUS
MRSA: vanco Or linezolid
Or MSSA: piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, levo, imipenem, meropenem
Tx of VAP
Double anti pseudomonas/gram negative coverage + MRSA coverage
Piperacillin-tazobactam Or Cefepime Or Ceftazidime Or Imipenem Or Meropenem Or Aztreonam
PLUS Cipro Or Levo Or Amika/genta/tubra Or Polymyxin (colistin or polymyxin B)
PLUS
Vanco
Or
Linezolid
High risk of mortality in pneumonia:
Need for ventilatory support
Septic shock
Indications for S. Aureus coverage in pneumonia
IV AB Tx within 3 mo
Prevalence of MRSA > 20% or unknown
Summary of HAP/VAP Tx
If HAP: 1 anti gram negative/pseudomonas
If HAP + Risk of MRSA:
1 anti-pseudomonas/gram neg + 1 anti-MRSA
If HAP + High risk for mortality:
2 anti pseudo/gram negative + 1 anti-MRSA/MSSA (depending on risk)
If VAP:
2 anti-pseudomonas/gram negative + 1 anti-MRSA
Pneumonia prevention
Influenza A and B vaccine:
Annually, for all ages 6 mo and higher
PPSV (pneumovax):
All > 65
2-65 yr: if high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (asplenia, Immdef…)
PCV (prevnar):
All < 5 yr
5-17 yr: if high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease and who have not received prevnar before.
CDC: adults at high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease
Seasonal influenza is the result of:
= epidemic
New subtypes due to antigenic drift (point mutations)
Pandemic influenza is the result of
Antigenic shift (Mixing of two different viral strains from different hosts= new strain)
Only with type A
Transmission of influenza
Droplet
Possible airborne
Influenza incubation period
1-4 d
Influenza course
7-10 d
Dx if influenza
Clinical
Gold: RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swab
Rapid Ag detection: DFA
Serology: rarely
Tx of influenza
Supportive
If severe/ high-risk of complication:
Zanamivir (Tx and Px against flu A and B)
Oseltamivir (Tx and Px against flu A and B)
If Tx within 48 h: decreased duration and severity
Tx beyond 48 h: in ImSup and critically ill pts
RF of cellulitis with G-, fungi
Water exposure
ImComp
RF for cellulitis
Trauma Surgery PVD Lymphedema DM Cracked skin Tinea pedis
Inv for cellulitis
CBC, diff
Blood C&S if febrile
Skin swab if open wound with pus
Tx of cellulitis
Cephalexin
G- coverage if RFs present
IV cefazolin if:
Extensive erythema
Systemic symptoms
Consider MRSA coverage
Limb rest and elevation
Necrotizing fasciitis types
Type I:
Polymicrobial
Type II:
Monomicrobial with GAS»_space;S. Aureus
Inv for necrotizing fasciitis
DO NOT WAIT FOR RESULTS BEDORE STARTING Tx
Clinical/surgical Dx
Blood/tissue C&S
Serum CK
Plain Xray
Surgical exploration
Tx of necrotizing fasciitis
IV Fluids
Emergency debridement
IV AB:
Meropenem OR piperacillin/tazobactam
+ clindamycin IV
+ vancomycin (if MRSA considered)
If Type I: piperacillin/tazobactam + clinda IV
If Type II: cefazolin (or cloxacillin) + clinda
If Confirmed GAS: penicillin G + clinda
AND: evaluate for streptococcal TSS (IVIg)
Diarrhea definition
3 or more loose/liquid stool/d
Or
> 200 g/d for >2/d
Acute: >2 d but < 14 d
Purpose of evaluation of acute diarrhea
Identifying characteristics of the illness or patient that warrants further investigation
Assessing volume status for appropriate method of rehydration
Tx of diarrhea
Mainstay:
Hydration: oral, IV if oral insufficient
Antidiarrheal agents (loperamide, bismuth): Contraindications: Fever Bloody stool C. Difficile
AB: rarely indicated
Risks of AB in diarrhea
No effect for viral (most common cause)
Eradication of normal flora, predisposing to C. Difficile
Prolongs shedding of Salmonella and other bacteria
HUS if EHEC
Indications for investigations in acute diarrhea
Fever
Blood in stool
Severe abdominal pain +/- peritoneal signs
Profuse diarrhea with signs of hypovolemia
Hospitalized or recent use of antibiotics
Age 65 or higher with comorbidities
Immunocompromised
Diarrhea more than 7 days duration
Exposure to suspicious foods or untreated water
Sexual contacts: MSM
Investigations for acute diarrheazg
Stool for leukocyte
Stool C&S for: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter
Special tests:
If blood in stool:
Stool C&S for EHEC
Stool for shiga toxin
If recent AB/hospitalization/>65+comorbidities/ImSup:
Stool for C. Difficile toxins A and B
If diarrhea >7d, exposure to untreated water, HIV, MSM:
Stool O&P for giardia/cryptospordium/E.histolytica
If there are no indications for further investigation in acute diarrhea what’s next step
Rehydration
Anti-diarrheal agents
Indications for antimicrobial therapy for acute diarrhea
Absolute indications: S. Typhi Shigella C. Difficile Cryptospordium E. Histolytica ImmComp pts
Relative indications: V.cholerae Non-typhoid salmonella Campylobacter Yersinia Giardia ETEC (Based on severity of illness)
B. Cereus types
Type A: Emetic, no fever, no pain, no blood Rice dishes. Preformed exotoxin Inc: 1-6 h Dur: <12 h
Type B: Diarrhea, no other Sx Meat, veg, dried beans, cereal. 2° endotoxin Inc: 8-16 h Dur: <24
Campylobacter jejuni
Most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in Canada
Uncooked meat
Especially poultry
Inc: 2-10d
Fever, diarrhea, bloody stool, abdominal pain, N/V
Dur: < 1wk
AB:
Macrolide
Quinolone
If: >1wk, bloody, ImComp
C. Difficile
Can be present in colon in small numbers
+/-Fever, pain, bloody diarrhea
Tx:
Stop culprit
AB
C. Perfringens
Meat, poultry
Inc: 8-12 h
Diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain
Dur < 24 h
Heat resistant spores
2° enterotoxin
Enteroinvasive
EIEC
Food/water
Inc: 1-3 d
Fever, bloody stool, diarrhea, abd pain
Dur: 7-10d
ETEC
Food/water, travel
Inc: 1-3 d
Diarrhea, abd pain
Dur: 3 d
If mod-severe:
Q
Azithro
Heat liable and heat stable toxins
EHEC
Hamburger
Raw milk
Drinking/recreational water
Inc: 3-8 d
Diarrhea, blood, pain, N/V
Dur: 5-10
NO AB, NO ANTIDIARRHEA (increase HUS)
Shiga toxin
Monitor renal function
Salmonella Typhi/paratyphi
Fecal-oral
Food, water, travel
Inc: 10-14 d
Diarrhea, fever, blood, pain, N/V
Dur: <5-7 d
Tx:
Ceftriaxone, cipro, azithro
Rose spot, fever, abd pain precede diarrhea in S. Typhi
Non-typhoid salmonella
Egg, poultry, meat, milk
Inc: 12-72 h
Diarrhea, fever, blood, pain, N/V
Dur: 3-7 d
Tx: Q:
If severe, extremes of age, joint prostheses, valvular heart disease, severe atherosclerosis, cancer, uremia
Shigella
Fecal-oral
Food/water
Inc: 1-4 d
Diarrhea, fever, blood, pain, N/V
Dur:< 1wk
Tx:
Q
S. Aureus
Unrefrigerated meat/dairy products (custard, pudding, potato salad, mayo)
Inc: 2-4 h
Diarrheal, pain, N/V
Dur: 1-2 d
Heat-stable preformed exotoxin
Tx: none
Vibrio cholerae
Food/water, shellfish
Diarrhea
Inc: 1-3 d
Dur: 3-7 d
Tx:
Q, tetra
Yersinia
Food, milk
Incu: 5 d
Diarrhea, fever, pain, N/V, blood
Dur: up to 3 wk
If severe: Q
Mainly children
Mesenteric adenitis, terminal ileitis mimicking appendicitis
Cryptospordium
Fecal-oral
Inc: 7 d
Diarrhea, fever, N/V
Dur: 1-20 d
Tx: Paromomycin + nitazoxanide
Immune reconstitution if ImSup
Entamoeba histolytica
Fecal-oral
Inc: 2-4 wk
Diarrhea, fever, blood, N/V
Tx:
Metro + iodoquinol/paromomycin
If asymptomatic cyst passage:
Iodoquinol/paromomycin
Giardia
Food/water, fecal-oral
Inc: 1-4 w
Diarrhea, pain, N/V
Tx:
Metro, nitazoxanide
Asymptomatic carrier: none
Daycare children Untreated water MSM ImDef May need duodenal Bx
Diarrhea causing Guillain-Barré
Campylo
Dysentery agent mimicking appendicitis
Yesinia
Diarrheal agent causing liver abscess
E. Histolytica
E. Histolytica sigmoidoscopy
Flat ulcers with yellow exudates
Beaver fever
Giardia
Diarrhea in pts with decreased IgA
Giardia
Norovirus (norwalk)
Fecal-oral
Inc: 24h
Diarrhea, pain, N/V
Dur: 24 h
Rotavirus
Fecal-oral
Inc: 2-4 d
Diarrhea, fever, N/V
Dur: 3-8 d
All children infected by 3 yr of age
Oral vaccine: at 2-4 mo
Most common traveller diarrhea agent in southeast Asia
Campylo
Tx of traveller diarrhea
Rehydration:
Sealed beverages
Oral rehydration solution if severe (1 package in 1 litre boiled/treated water)
Loperamide, bismuth
AB if mod-sev: cipro, azithro, rifaximin
Prevention from traveller diarrhea
Proper hygiene practices: Avoid unhygienic food/beverage Avoid raw fruits, vegetables without peel Avoid raw/undercooked meat/seafood Avoid untreated water
Bismuth
Vaccine
Antidiarrheal agent, causing stool be mistaken for melena
Bismuth
Dukorel
Oral vaccine against:
V. Cholerae
ETEC
Indications:
Short-term travellers, >2yr, who are high-risk (chronic illness): CRF, CHF, DM1, IBD
ImSup
Hx of repeat traveller diarrhea
Increased risk of acquiring traveller diarrhea:
Hypochlorhydria, young children > 2yr
Cholera endemic area
Vaccine against S. Typhi available
Septic arthritis RFs
N. Gonorrhea:
Previously 75% of cases in young sexually active adults
S. Aureus:
All ages. Most non-gono cases
GAS, GBS
G- :
Neonates, elderly, IV drug, ImComp
S. Pneumoniae:
Children
Kingella kingae:
Children <4 yr
HIB:
Unvaccinated children
Salmonella:
SCA
Coagulase - staph:
Prosthetic joints
RFs for gonococcal septic arthritis
<40
Multiple partners
Unprotected intercourse
MSM
Rf for non-gono arthritis
Most affected children: No R
Bacteremia
Prosthetic joint
Recent joint surgery
Underlying joint disease
ImmComp
Loss of skin integrity
Age > 80
Gonococcal arthritis forms
Bacteremic form:
Fever, malaise, chills
Migratory polyarthralgias, tenosynovitis next to inflammed joint, pustular dermatitis
Septic arthritis form:
Local symptoms in involved joint.
Most common involved joins in non-gonococcal arthritis
Most often large, Wt-bearing joints
Wrists
RFs for polyarticular septic arthritis
RA
GBS
Endocarditis
Inv for septic arthritis
Gono:
Blood C&S
Endocervical/urethral/rectal/oropharyngeal testing
Non-gono:
Blood C&S
For all:
Arthrocentesis: CBC, diff, Gram, Crystals
Xray
Joint fluid in infectious arthritis
Opaque
WBC > 15000
PMN > 90%
Positive culture
Positive culture in gono septic arthritis
<50%
Empiric treatment for septic arthritis in adults
Ceftriaxone + vancomycin
Daily joint aspirations until sterile culture
Physiotherapy
Empiric treatment for septic arthritis in children
Cefazolin or cloxacillin IV, unless MRSA considered
Daily joint aspirations until sterile culture
Physiotherapy
If culture result is gono in septic arthritis, AB modification?
Change to Ceftriaxone + azithro
Responds well after 24-48 h
Duration of AB therapy in septic arthritis
Staph: 4 wk
Strep: 2-3 wk
GNB: 4 wk
Indications for surgical joint drainage in septic arthritis
Persistent positive culture on repeat arthrocentesis
Hip joint involvement
Prosthetic joint involvement
Diabetic foot ulcer infection organisms
Mild cases:
S. Aureus
Strep
Mod-sev cases:
Polymicrobial (aerobe, GNB, anaerobe)
Mild: no bone/joint involvement
Mod: bone/joint
Sev: systemic toxicity
When to consider infection in a diabetic ulcer?
Positive probe to bone
Ulcer > 30 d
Recurrent ulcers
Trauma
PVD
Prior amputation
Loss of protective sensation
Renal disease
Hx of walking barefoot
Dx of infected ulcer in diabetic foot
2 or more of cardinal signs of infection
Or
Presence of pus
Inv for diabetic ulcer
Curettage specimen from ulcer base
Aspirate from an abscess
Bone Bx
Blood C&S if fever
Xray or MRI to assess osteomyelitis
Negative initial Xray in diabetic foot ulcer. Next step?
Repeat 2-4 wk later
If high suspicion: MRI
Tx of diabetic foot ulcer
Early surgical debridement
Revascularization
Amputation
Eliminate/reduce pressure
Local wound care
AB:
Mild: cephalexin, clinda PO
Moderate:
Clinda + cipro/moxi/cftriaxone/ertapenem IV
+/- MRSA
Severe:
Piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem
+/- vanco for MRSA
Clinical/paraclinical finding in favor of associated osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcer
Visualization of bone
Ulcer area > 2cm (and erythema > 2cm)
Probe-to-bone
Clinical judgment
ESR > 70
Plain radiographs findings
MRI findings
high-risk RFs for endocarditis
Prosthetic cardiac valve
Previous IE
Congenital heart disease (unrepaired, repaired within six months, repaired with defects)
Cardiac transplant with valve disease
Moderate-risk RFs for infective endocarsitis
Other congenital cardiac defects
Acquired valvular dysfunction
Hypertrophic CMP
Low/no-risk RFs for Infective endocarditis
Secundum ASD or Surgically repaired ASD < VSD, PDA, MV prolapse, IHD, Previous CABG
Non-cardiac RFs for infective endocarditis
IVDU
indwelling venous cath
Hemodialysis
Poor dentition
DM
HIV
Frequency of valve involvement in IE
MV»AV>TV>PV
In IVDU:
TV in 50%
IE etiology in native valve
Strep viridans>
S. Aureus
Entrococcus
IE etiology in IVDU
S. Aureus»>
Strep
Enterococcus
If using tap water to dilute drug: pseudomonas
Saliva: oral flora
Toilet water: GI flora
IE etiology in prosthetic valve
<2 mo surgery:
S.aureus>
S. epid
> 2mo: Strep S. Aureus S. Epi Enterococ
IE etiology in association with underlying cirrhosis
S. Bovis (gallolyticus)
IE etiology in association with underlying GI malignancy
S. Bovis
Culture negative IE etiologies
HACEK
Hemophilus parainfluenza
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella
Coxiella
Bartonella
Tropheryma whipplei
Fungi
Mycobacteria
Clubbing in IE
In subacute type
Immune complex lesions of IE
Osler
Roth
GN
Arthritis
Embolic/vascular lesions of IE
Petechia over legs Splinter hemorrhage Janeway FND H/A Splenomegaly (subacute) Microscopic hematuria Flank pain Active sediment
Major Duke criteria for IE
1. Positive Blood culture Typical MO+ 2 separate B/Cs Or persistently positive B/C (>12h apart) Or all 3 B/Cs positive Or majority of > 3 B/Cs positive Or single Coxiella positive Or antiphase IgG titer > 1/800
- Evidence of endocardial involvement
Echo: mass, abscess, new partial dehiscence
Or new valvular regurgitation
Minor Duke criteria for IE
Predisposing condition
Fever 38
Vascular phenomena
Immunologic phenomena
Positive B/C not meeting criteria
Inv for IE
B/C:
3 sets, each containing one aerobic, one anaerobic sample
Collected from different sites
>1 h apart
Repeat B/C:
After 48-72 h of appropriate AB
At least x 2
CBC, diff ESR RF BUN/Cr U/A, urine C&S ECG Echo: TEE if TTE not adequate/prosthetic valve/complicated IE
Dx of IE using Duke criteria
Definite Dx: 2 major Or 1 major + 3 minor Or 5 minor
Possible:
1 major + 1 minor
Or
3 minor
Tx of infective endocarditis
Wait for confirmation,
Treat empirically if pt is unstable (AFTER OBTAINING CULTURES)
1st line empiric AB for native valve IE
Vanco
+
Genta/ceftriaxone
1st line empiric AB for prosthetic valve IE
Vanco \+ Genta \+ Cefepime \+ Rifampin
IE prophylaxis indications
High risk individuals: Prosthetic valve Previous IE Cardiac transplantation valvuloparhy Congenital heart disease...
Procedures:
Dental (bleeding)
Invasive respiratory tract procedures (incision, Bx)
Procedures on infected skin
Procedures on infected musculoskeletal tissue
AB for IE Px
Dental/respiratory:
Amoxi, single dose, 30-60 min prior
Skin/soft tissue:
Cephalexin, single dose, 30-60 min prior
Clinda if penicillin-allergic in both
Indications for surgical treatment of IE
Refractory CHF (MOST COMMON)
Abscess
Fungal
Valve perforation
Unstable prosthesis
2 or more major emboli
AB failure
Mycotic aneurysm
Staph on prosthesis valve
Adverse prognostic factors for IE
CHF
Prosthetic valve infection
Abscess
Embolization
Persistent bacteremia
Altered mental status
Highest mortality rates in IE
Prosthetic valve>
Non-IVDU S.aureus>
IVDU S. Aureus or Strep
Common organisms in meningitis
0-4 wk
GBS
E. Coli
Listeria
Klebsiella
Common organisms in meningitis
1-3 mo
GBS E. Coli S. Pneumoniae N. Meningitidis HI
Common organisms in meningitis
> 3 mo
S. Pneumoniae
N. Meningitidis
Listeria if > 50 and comorbidities
Petechial rash location in meningococcal meningitis
Trunk
Lower extremities
Inv for meningitis
CBC, diff, Lytes
Blood C&S
CSF: Opening pressure Cell count, diff Protein Glucose Gram, C&S
Imaging:
CT, MRI, EEG, if FND
Further investigations for meningitis
If viral etiology suspected: WNV serology (summer, early fall)
PCR for: HSV, VZV, enteroviruses, if infant < 6m, parechoviruses
AFB, fungal C&S, cryptococcal Ag, if:
ImmComp, subacute, travel Hx, TB exposure
CSF WBC count in bacterial meningitis
500-10,000
CSF WBC in viral meningitis
10-500
Tx of bacterial meningitis
DO NOT DELAY AB FOR CT OR LP
<28 d:
Cefotaxime + ampicillin
1-3 mo:
Cefotaxime + vancomycin
> 3 mo:
Ceftriaxone + vancomycin + IV ampicillin if RFs for listeria
Dexa IV within 20 min prior to or with 1st dose of AB
Continue dexa if proven pneumococcal meningitis
Dexa not recommended for neonates
RFs for listeria
> 50 yr
ImComp
Alcoholism
Prevention of meningitis with vaccination
Immunization:
Children:
Vaccination: HIB, S. Pneumoniae (conjugate: Prevnar or Synflorix), N. Meningitisdis
Adults:
Vaccine: N. Meningitidis (if outbreak, epidemics, travel). S. Pneumoniae (Pneumovax, polysaccharide) if high risk
Post-exposure meningitis Px for HIB
For close contacts if:
They live with an inadequately immunized (<4y)
Or
They live with an ImComp child (<18yr)
“Rifampin”
Post-exposure meningitis Px for N. Meningitidis
Close or household contacts
Cipro
Rifampin
Ceftriaxone
Also meningococcal vaccine for post-exposure Px and outbreak control
Highest mortality rate among meningitis etiologies
Pneumococcal
Poor prognostic factors for meningitis
Extremes of age
Delay in Dx/Tx
Stupor/coma
Seizures
FND
Septic shock at presentation
Indication for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (pneumovax)
> 65 yr
Can also give conjugate vaccine (polysaccharide 8 wk later than conjugate)
Indications for giving both polysaccharide and conjugate pneumococcal vaccines
Chronic cardiovascular/respiratory/hepatic/renal disorder. Asplenia. SCA. ImmSup
Polysaccharide 8 wks later than conjugate
Imdications for meningococcal vaccine
Healthy young adults
Asplenia
Travelers to high risk areas
Military
Lab personnel
Complement/ factor D, properdin deficiency
Eculizumab
Auto-Ab mediated encephalitis in adults is associated with
Malignancy
HSV encephalitis site
Medial temporal, inferior frontal lobes
HSV encephalitis pathologic process
Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Lymphocytes Plasma cells
HSV1»_space;HSV 2
Encephalitis associated with influenza and respiratory viruses
Acute
Necrotizing
HSV encephalitis symptoms
Acute onset
FND: hemoparesis, ataxia, aphasia, seizures
Temporal lobe involvement: behavioral disturbances
Rapidly progressive
Sequela: memory and behavioral disturbances
Inv for encephalitis
CSF (including PCR for HSV, VZV, EBV, enterovirus, parechovirus, M.pneumonia…)
Serology: EBV, WNV, rabies, bartonella
Imaging: CT, MRI, EEG
Brain Bx
EEG in HSV encephalitis
Early focal slowing
Periodic discharge
Tx of encephalitis
Supportive
Monitor vital signs
Empirical IV acyclovir until HSV R/O
Pathophysiology of tetanus
Toxin travels back axons to CNS
In CNS it irreversibly binds presynaptic neurons
Inhibits release of inhibitory NTs (GABA)
Effect: disinhibition of spinal motor reflexes
Tetanus, autonomic hyperactivity
Tetanus Sx
Initial: trismus
Sustained contraction of skeletal muscle
Periodic painful spasm (triggered by sensory stimuli)
Paralysis descends to neck, abd (large muscle groups)
Apnea, respiratory failure, pharyngeal tonic contraction
Autonomic hyperactivity:
Diaphoresis, tachycardia, HTN, fever
Inv for tetanus
Clinical Dx
( Hx of wound/ non-immunization is not always present)
CK
Culture wound
Tx of tetanus
Stop toxin production:
Wound debridement
IV metro/penicillin G
Neutralize toxin:
TIg
Supportive therapy: Intubation Spasmolytic medications (benzodiazepines) Quite environment Cooling blanket
Autonomic dysfunction:
a-, B-blocker
MgSO4
Prevention of tetanus
Vaccinate pt on diagnosis
INFECTION DOES NOT PRODUCE IMMUNITY
Tetanus toxoid vaccination
Rabies transmission
Breaching of skin by teeth
Direct contact of skin/mucous membranes with saliva/neural tissue
Pathogenesis of rabies
Bite
VIRUS travels via axon to CNS
Virus multiplies rapidly in brain
Then spreads to other organs
Rabies Sx
Development of symptoms is concurrent with virus excretion in saliva
Animal can transmit rabies as soon as it shows signs of disease
Inc: 1-3 mo
Prodrome: < 1wk
Influenza-like
Pain, paresthesia, pruritus at wound sign
Acute neurologic syndrome:
Encephalitic:
Hyperactivity, fluctuating LOC, hydrophobia, aerophobia, hypersalvation, fever, seizures.
Painful laryngeal spasm on gust of air or drinking water
Paralytic:
Quadriplegia, loss of anal sphincter tone, fever
Coma:
Complete flaccid paralysis, respiratory and cardiovascular failure
Death
Inv for rabies
Purpose:
Limit contact of pt with others
Identify others exposed to the infectious source
Anti-mortem:
DIF/PCR on saliva/skin Bx/serum/CSF
Post-mortem:
DIF on nerve tossue (Negri bodies)
Tx of rabies
Post-exposure prophylaxis:
Wound care: promptly with soap and running water
HRIG: into wound site. Any remaining volume administered IM in site distant from vaccination
Vaccine: 4 shots (inactivated virus)
If Sx manifested, only supportive Tx
Prevention of rabies
Vaccination for:
Lab staff working with rabies
Veterinarians
Animal/wildlife control workers
Long-term travelers to endemic areas
Post exposure rabies prophylaxis in fully vaccinated pt
No need for HRIG
2 shots of HDCV instead of 4
SIRS definition
2 of:
T<36 or >38
PR>90
RR>20
Or
PCO2<32
WBC <4000 or > 12000 or > 10% band
Sepsis definition
SIRS + proven/provable infection
Severe sepsis
Sepsis +
Signs of EOD or hypoperfusion
Septic shock
Severe sepsis
+
Hypotension despite adequate fluid (<90 sBP)
Inv for SIRS/sepsis
CBC, diff Lytes BUN, Cr Liver enzymes ABG, lactate INR, PTT, FDP Blood C&S x 2 U/A, C&S Culture of any wounds/lines CXR
Tx of sepsis
ABC Intubation O2 Fluids +/- NE, ICU IV AB IV hydrocortisone (if shock unresponsive to fluid and vasopressors)
Leprosy transmission
Nasal secretion
Skin lesions
Leprosy Sx
1.Intact cell-mediated immunity:
Paucibacillary.
5 lesions or less skin lesions:
Well defined, dry, hypoesthetic, hypopigmented
Early nerve involvement:
Enlarged nerve, neuropathic pain
2.Weak cell-mediated immunity:
Multibacillary.
6 or more lesions. Symmetrical, leonine facies,
Late and insidious nerve involvement:
Sensory loss at the face and extremities
3.Borderline form
Inv for leprosy
Skin Bx
Slit skin smear for AFB staining
PCR
Granuloma, lepra cells
Tx of leprosy
Single skin lesion:
ROM (rifampin, ofloxacin, minocycline)
Paucibasillary:
Dapson daily
Rifampin monthly x 6 mo
Multibacillary: Dapsone daily Rifampin monthly x 12 mo Clofazimine monthly x 12 mo Clofazimine low dose daily
Leprosy treatment reactions
ENL
Reversal reaction
Tx:
Mild: NSAID
Sev: pred
ENL: thalidomide
Drug med causing hyperpigmentation
Clofazimine
Primary reservoir for lyme disease
Rodents (mice)
Hosts for lyme transmitting ticks
White-tailed deer
Time and area of lyme infection
May-august
Low brush near wooded areas
Requires > 36 h tick attachment
Lyme Sx
Stage 1:
7-14 d post-bite
Malaise, fatigue, H/A, myalgias, erythema migrans
Stage 2: (early disseminated)
Weeks
CNS: aseptic meningitis, CN palsies (VII)peripheral neuritis
Cardiac: transient block, myocarditis
Stage 3: (late persistent)
Months to years
May not have early stages
MSK: chronic monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis.
Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans.
Neurologic: encephalopathy, meningitis, neuropathy
Inv for lyme
Serology
Prevention of lyme
Protective clothing,
Insect repellent
Inspection for ticks
Doxy: within 72 h of removal of an engorged tick, in hyperendemic (tick infection rate > 20%) areas, pts >8 yr who are not pregnant or lactating
Tx of lyme
Stage 1: doxy/amoxicillin/cefuroxime
Stage 2-3: ceftruaxone
Superantigens in TSS
Staphylococcal:
TSST-1
Streptococcal:
SPEA, SPEB, SPEC
RFs for staphylococcal TSS
Tampon
Nasal packing
Wound infection
RFs for streptococcal TSS
Minor trauma
Surgical procedure
Preceding viral illness (chickenpox)
Use of NSAID
Tx of TSS
Fluid
Remove source
Staph:
MSSA: Clinda + cloxa x 10-14 d
MRSA: clinda + vanco x 10-14 d
Strep:
Penicillin IV + clinda + IVIg
Cat scratch disease transmission
Cat bite
Cat scratch
B. Hensella
Cat scratch Sx
Skin lesions 3-10 d post-inoculation
Fever
Regional tender LAP
In some pts, organisms disseminate: FUO HSM retinitis Encephalopathy
Usually self-limited
Inv for cat scratch disease
Serology
PCR
LN Bx
Tx of cat scratch disease
Mild-mod disease in immunocompetent pt:
Azithromycin 5 d
Disseminated disease:
Rifampin + Doxy/azithro
Aspiration of painful suppurative lymph nodes
Organism of RMSF
Rickettsia rickettsii
Obligate intracellular
GN
Reservoir: rodents, dogs
Pathophysiology of RMSF
Inflammation of endothelial lining of small blood vessels
Small hemorrhages, and thrombi
Widespread vasculitis
Sx of RMSF
Summer
Following tick bite
Flu-like prodrome
Macular rash on day 2-4 of fever:
Begins on wrists and ankles
Spreads centrally (arms, legs, trunk, palms, soles)
10% spotless
H/A, CNS changes, death if delayed Tx
Inv for RMSF
Skin Bx
Serology
Tx of RMSF
Doxy 5-7 d (3 days after defervescence)
West nile virus epidemiology
All US
Much of southern Canada
WNV transmission
Mosquitoes (feeding on birds)
Transplacental
Blood products
Organ transplantation
WNV Sx
Mostly asymptomatic
Symptomatic:
Mostly mild: H/A, backache, myalgia, anorexia, maculopapular non-pruritic rash on back, chest, arms
Severe complications: encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (esp in those > 60)
Inv for WNV
IgM in serum/CSF
IgM lasts for > 6mo (so may not indicate current infection)
CSF/tissue/blood/fluids PCR
CSF: elevated lymphocytes and proteins
False positive WNV serology
Yellow fever vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Dengue fever infection
St. Louis virus infection
Tx and prevention of WNV
Treatment: supportive
Prevention: repellent (DEET), drain stagnant water, community mosquito control programs
Syphilis Sx
- Primary
- Secondary
- Latent
- Tertiary
Primary syphilis
3-90 d post infection
Chancre
Regional LAP
Lasts 3-6 wk
25% progress to 2°
Secondary syphilis
2-8 wk following chancre
Maculopapular, non priritic rash
Generalized LAP
Low grade fever
Malaise
H/A
Aseptic meningitis
Ocular/otic syphilis
Chondyloma lata
Latent syphilis
Asymptomatic
Following untreated primary or secondary syphilis
<1y : early latent
> 1y : late latent
Unknown duration : late latent
Tertiary syphilis
1-30 y post infection
Gummatous syphilis
Aortic aneurysm, AI
Neurosyphilis: dementia, personality changes, argyll-robertson, tabes dorsalis
Congenital syphilis
Abortion
Stillbirth
Malformations
Developmental delay
Deafness
Most newborns asymptomatic
Early infancy: rhinitis, LAP, HSM, psudoparalysis, rash
Late-onset (>2y): saddle nose, saber shin, glutton joints, Hutchinson’s teeth, mulberry molars, rhagades, CN VIII deafness, interstitial keratitis, juvenile paresis.
Tx of syphilis
1°, 2°, early latent:
Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 mU IM x 1
Late latent, 3°:
Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 mU IM x 3
Allergic:
Doxy, 100 bid, 14 d
Neurosyphilis:
Aqueous penicillin G 18-24 mU/d x 14 d
Congenital:
Penicillin G IV x 10 d
False positive VDRL/RPR
Mononucleosis Hepatitis Drugs/substance abuse Rheumatoid fever Lupus Leprosy
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
In 2° and 3° syphilis treated with penicillin
Lysis of organism
Release of pyrogens: fever, chills, myalgia, flu-like
Lasting up to 24 h
TB RFs
Travel/ birth in a country with high TB prevalence
Aboriginal
Crowded living condition
Low SES
Homeless
IVDU
Personal/occupational contact
ImmCom/ImmSup (HIV, extremes of age)
Silicosis
CRF + dialysis
Malig + chemo
Substance abuse (smoking, alcohol, drug)
What’s the most common thing that happens to TB when it enters the body?
Latent TB (95%): Asymptomatic infection contained by host immune defenses
Primary TB Sx
Usually asymptomatic
Can be progressive in children/ImComp
Secondary TB infection/reactivation Sx
Constitutional symptoms
Site dependent symptoms: 1- pulmonary TB: Chronic productive cough +/- hemoptysis CXR: consolidation, cavitation, LAP Non-resolving pneumonia
2- miliary TB
Widely disseminated: lung, abd organs, marrow, CNS
CXR: 2-4 mm millet seed-like lesions
3-extrapulmonary
Lymphadenitis, pleurisy, pericarditis, hepatitis, peritonitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis (pott’s vertebral disease), adrenal, renal, ovarian
Inv for TB
Screen:
PPD
IGRA (fewer false positive, since detecting Ag not present in BCG or other mycobacteria):
Preferable in Hx of BCG vaccination or pt who may not return for reading the test
If pulmonary:
Three sputum specimens: 1h apart. AFB smear and culture
BAL
CXR
> 5mm PPD is positive if:
ImmComp
Close contact with active TB
> 10 mm PPD is considered positive in:
All
If positive PPD, what’s next step?
CXR
False negative PPD
Poor technique
Anergy
ImmSup
Infection < 10 wk or remotely
False positive PPD
BCG after 12 mo in a low-risk individual
Non-TB-MB
Booster effect in PPD
Initially false negative test
Boost to true positive by testing procedure itself (happens in remote infection or BCG)
TB CXR
Primary: middle/lower lobe
Secondary: apical
Nodular/alveolar infiltrate
Cavitation
Pleural effusion (unilateral, exudative)
LAP. Hilar, mediastinal (esp children)
Tuberculoma (semicalcified, well-defined, solitary nodule, 0.5-4 cm)
Miliary TB
Evidence of past disease( calcified hilar/mediastinal nodes, calcified pulmonary focus, pleural thickening and calcification, apical scarring)
Inv for syphilis
Screening:
VDRL, RPR (non-treponemal)
CMIA, CLIA, EIA (treponemal)
Confirmatory tests: TPPA FTA-ABS MHA-TP TPI Dark field with silver stain
LP
Long bone Xray (congenital)
Indications for LP in syphilis
Seropositive and Sx of neurosyphilis Or Treatment failure Or Other tertiary Sx Or HIV and late latent Or Congenital
Prevention of TB
Primary prevention:
Airborne isolation
BCG vaccine:
Infants in high-incidence communities if no evidence of HIV/ImDef
Secondary prevention:
INH-sensitive: INH + B6 x 9 mo
INH-resistant: rifampin x 4mo
Secondary prevention from TB in pregnancy
Defer, unless mother is high-risk
Tx of active TB
Pulmonary: Initiation phase: INH + rifampin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol + B6 x 2 mo Continuation phase: INH + rifampin + B6 x 4 mo
Extrapulmonary:
Same regimen
12 mo Tx if bone/joint/CNS/miliary-disseminated
+ CS if meningitis/pericarditis
BCG can prevent?
Miliary TB and Meningeal TB in children
MDR TB is resistant to
INH and rifampin
Suspect if:
Previous Tx for TB
Exposure to known MDR
Immigration from a high-risk area
XDR TB is resistant to
INH + rifampin + Q + 1 or more of injectables, 2nd lines
Most new cases of HIV in Canada is among
MSMs
HIV transmission probability based on receiver site
Contaminated blood product > Intrapartum/breast milk > Placental > Rectal (via semen) > Sharp/Needlestick > Female genital tract (via semen) > Male genital tract
Acute retroviral syndrome Sx
2 to 6 weeks post exposure
Lasting 10 to 15 days
Fever, pharyngitis, LAP, rash, arthralgias, H/A, myalgia, G.I. symptoms, oral ulcers, weight loss.
Aseptic meningitis
High level of plasma virion
High risk of transmission
HIV RNA/p24 in CSF
Asymptomatic/latent phase
HIV replicates in CD4 in LNs
Normal CD4 counts (500-1100)
CD4 drops 60-100/y
Definition of AIDS
HIV + and one of:
Opportunistic infections (PCP, esophageal candidiasis, CMV, MAC, TB, toxo)
Malignancy (kaposi, invasive cervical cancer)
Wasting syndrome
Or CD4 < 200 (or < 15%)
Clinical manifestations of HIV Associated with CD4 count <500
Often asymptomatic
Constitutional Sx
Mucocutaneous lesions:
SD, HSV, VZV, OHL (EBV), Candidiasis (oral, esophageal, vaginal), KS
Recurrent bacterial infections
TB
Lymphoma
Clinical manifestations of HIV Associated with CD4 count <200
PCP
KS
Oral thrush
Local/disseminated fungal infections:
Cryptococcus
Coccidioides
Histoplasma
Clinical manifestations of HIV Associated with CD4 count <100
PML (JC virus)
CNS toxoplasmosis
Clinical manifestations of HIV Associated with CD4 count <50
CMV: retinitis, colitis, cholangiopathy, CNS
MAC
Bacillary angiomatosis
Primary CNS lymphoma
Inv for HIV
Anti-HIV-Ab:
Detectable in all after up to 3 mo (3 mo window period)
Screening test:
ELISA Anti-HIV
Or
Combination p24 Ag/HIV-Ab (p24 may be positive during window period)
Confirmatory test: Western blot (Ab against at least 2 HIV protein bands: p24, gp41, gp120/160)
Mx of HIV positive pts
F/U q 3-6 mo
Routine CD4 count
Routine HIV-RNA level (important indicator of ART effect)
Baseline HIV resistance testing
HLA-B*5701 genetic test (abacavir hypersensitivity)
CCR5 tropism testing (if Tx with CCR5 antagonist considered)
Baseline PPD
Baseline serologies (hepatitis A,B,C, syphilis, toxo, CMV, VZV)
Routine biochemistry and hematology, CXR, U/A
Annual FBS and lipid profile (ART side effect)
Education for HIV pt
Regular F/U on CD4 count/viral load
Strict adherence to ART
Safe sex and needle practice
Barrier protection during sex (to prevent HIV superinfection)
Importance of disclosing HIV status to partners (risk of criminal prosecution of non disclosure)
Connect to relevant community groups and resources
Dx of HIV in infants born to HIV + mothers
Detection of HIV RNA
Maternal Ab positive up to 18 mo
Health care maintenance in HIV pt
Assessment of psychosocial concerns
Referral to psychiatry or social worker if needed
Vaccines: Influenza/y 23-valent pneumococcal/ q 5 yr HBV HIV
Annual PAP smear and STI
Mx of comorbid conditions, provision of general primary care
Indication of PCP Px in HIV
CD4 < 200
Hx of oral candiduasis
Prophylactic regimen for PCP
TMP-SMX 1 SS or DS OD
Indication of toxo Px in HIV
CD4 < 100 and IgG to toxo
Prophylaxis regimen for toxo in HIV
TMP-SMX DS OD
Indication of TB Px in HIV
PPD > 5mm
Or
Contact with case of active TB
Indication of MAC Px in HIV
CD4 < 50
Prophylaxis regimen for MAC
Azithromycin 1200 mg q 1 wk
When to discontinue 1° and 2° Px against opportunistic infections?
If CD4 > threshold for > 6mo while on ART
Anti-retroviral pre-exposure Px for HIV prevention in high risk individulals
Daily oral tenofovir +/- emtricitabine
Targets for ART Tx
All HIV + pts
May defer treatment on the basis of clinical and psychosocial factors
Goal of ART
Viral load < 40 copies/ml (undetectable)
Viral load should decrease 10 fold within 4-8 wk
Viral load should be undetectable within 6 mo
Restore immunological function
NO INTERMITTENT ART OR DRUG HOLIDAYS
How much does ART reduce risk of HIV transmission to partner?
96%
ART recommendation for Tx of naïve pts
2 NRTI + 1 INSTI/PI
Tx failure definition in HIV
Viral load persistently > 200/ml
Symptoms of lactic acidosis
Abdominal pain
N/V
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Lipodystrophy by ART
Lypohypertrophy: PI
Lipoatrophy: NRTI (AZT, d4T)
Prevention of HIV infection
Education, harm reduction:
Safer sex practice: condom, barrier fir oral sex
Avoid sharing needles if IVDU
Prevention of vertical infection:
ART should be initiated prior to pregnancy or as early as possible during pregnancy
Blood/body precautions for healthcare workers.
Post exposure Px
Pre-exposure Px (oral, topical)
ART (96% decrease in partner transmission)
Screening of blood/organ donation
Post-exposure Px for HIV
2-3 drug regimen
Started immediately (within 72 h)
Continue for 4 wk
Nominal/name-based HIV testing
Person ordering the test knows the identity of pt
Test ordered using the name of the pt
Person ordering the test, legally obliged to notify public health if positive test
Test result recorded in the health care record
Non-nominal/Non-identifying HIV testing
Test ordered using a code or initials of pt
All others similar to nominal
Anonymous HIV testing
Available at specialized clinics
Person ordering the HIV test does not know the identity of the person being tested
HIV test carried out using a unique non-identifying code that only the person being tested for HIV knows
Results not recorded on the healthcare record of person
Patient identification and notification of public health required to gain access to ART
HIV pre-and post test counseling
Required since a diagnosis of HIV is overwhelming and associated with stigma and discrimination
Should be connected with local support services
Goals:
Assessing risk
Making informed decision to be tested
Education to protect themselves and others
Where to go for more information and support
Subcutaneous fungus
Sporothrix schenckii
Transmission of sporothrix schenckii
Rose thorn, splinter
Sx of sporotricosis
Nodule/ulcer at inoculation site
Nodular lymphangitis
Tx of sporotricosis
Itraconazole
IV amphitricin B if severe/disseminated
Endemic mycoses transmission
Inhalation of spores, inoculation injury
Dimorphic:
Mould in cold
Yeast in warm
Three major ones:
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Transmission of histoplasmosis
Chicken coops
Bird roosts
Bat caves
Ontario, Quebec
Sx of histoplasmosis
Mostly asymptomatic
Primary pulmonary: Fever Cough Chest pain H/A Myalgia Anorexia CXR(acute): pulmonary infiltrate +/- hilar LAP CXR(chronic): infiltrate, cavitation
Disseminated disease: In ImComp Bone marrow (pancytopenia) GI tract (ulcer) Lymphadenitis Skin, liver, adrenal, CNS
Inv for histoplasmosis
Fungal culture
Fungal stain
Ag detection (urine, serum)
Serology
Blastomycosis Sx
Asymptomatic
Primary:
Acute/chronic pneumonia
Fever, cough, chest pain, chills, night sweats, Wt loss.
CXR (acute): lobar/segmental pneumonia
CXR (chronic): lobar, fibronodular interstitial disease
Disseminated:
Verrucous skin lesions, ulcers, SQ nodules,
Bones (osteomyelitis, osteolytic lesions)
GU (prostatitis, epididymitis)
Inv for blastomycosis
Smear and culture (sputum)
Direct exam of clinical specimens:
Broad-based budding yeast
BBBB:
Broad based budding blastomycosis
Coccidioides
Valley fever:
Subacute fever, chills, cough, chest pain, sore throat, fatigue,
Lasts weeks to months
Hypersensitivity with arthralgia, EN
Disseminated: Skin ulcers Synovitis Lytic bone lesions Meningitis
Opportunistic in HIV
Inv for coccidioides
Sputum culture
Direct exam of clinical specimen
Epidemiology of blastomycosis
Northern ontario
Along the great lakes
Tx of endemic mycoses
Mild-mod: Oral azole (itra)
Sev:
IV ampho B if systemic
Sx of PCP
Fever
Non-productive cough
Progressive dyspnea
Inv for PCP
Sputum/BAL/endotracheal aspirate to demonstrate organism
CXR:
Bilateral
Diffuse opacities
Normal in 20-30 %
CT:
Cysts
NEVER PLEURAL EFFUSION
Tx of PCP
O2, keep O2 sat > 90% AB: TMP/SMX Dapsone + TMP Clinda + primaquine Pentamidine Atovaquone
CS if:
pO2 < 70
A-a gradient > 35
PCP Px
HIV with CD4 < 200
Non HIV immunocompromised
Cryptococcus transmission
Airborne:
From Soil contaminated with pigeon droppings (C. Neoformans)
Eucalptus, Douglas fir (C. Gatti)
Neoformans: ImmComp pts
Gatti: healthy hosts
Sx of cryptococcus
Asymptomatic
Pulmonary:
Pneumonitis, asymptomatic, self-limited
Productive cough, chest tightness, fever
Disseminated: Esp in HIV + CNS: meningitis Skin: molluscum-like Bone, LN, BM, soft tissue, eyes
Leading cause of meningitis in HIV pts
Cryptococcus
Inv for cryptococcus
Serum Ag
CSF: India-ink stain, Ag, culture
Tx of cryptococcus
In HIV with severe pulmonary form or meningitis:
Amphotricin B (+ flucytosine) x 2 wk \+ fluconazole x at least 8 wk \+ fluconazole at lower dose for prolonged maintenance
C. Gatti epidemio
Vancouver
RFs of candidiasis
ImComp:
DM
CS
ICU pt:
CV-line
Broad-spectrum AB
TPN
Obesity
Tx of candidiasis
Thrush:
Nystatin for mild
Fluconazole for severe
Vulvovaginal:
Topical imidazole, nystatin
Oral fluconazole if recurrent
Cutaneous infection:
Topical imidazole
Opportunistic infection in HIV, systemic infection:
Fluconazole
Echinocandin
Chronic mucocutaneous:
Azoles
Aflatoxin is produced by
Aspergillus
Aflatoxin found in
Nuts
Grains
Rice
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
IgE-mediated
Asthma-type reaction
Dyspnea, high fever, transient pulmonary infiltrates
More frequently in pts with asthma and allergies
Aspergilloma
Ball of hyphae in pre-existing cavity
Asymptomatic
Massive hemoptysis
CXR: round opacity surrounded by thin lucent rim of air in upper lobes (air-crescent sign)
Invasive aspergillosis
In prolonged persistent neutropenia
Or
Transplantation
Sx: Pneumonia (most common): Fever, cough, dyspnea, cavitation, CXR: Local/diffuse infiltrate Pulmonary infarction Nodule with surrounding ground glass (halo sign)
May disseminate to brain, skin…
Sx of mycotoxicosis by aflatoxin
Liver hemorrhage, necrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma
Tx of aspergillosis
Ampho B
Voriconazole
Aspergilloma: surgical resection
ABPA: CS +/- itra
E. Histolytica transmission
Fecal-oral
Sx of E.histolytica
- asymptomatic carrier
- Abd pain, cramping, colitis, dysentery, low grade fever
- Liver abscess (hematogenous):
RUQ pain, Wt loss, fever, hepatomegaly
Inv for E. Histolytica
Serology
Fecal/serum Ag
Stool exam
Colon Bx
Tx of E. Histolytica
Metro + iodoquinol/paromomycin
Liver abscess: AB Aspiration if: Risk of rupture Poor response to Tx Diagnostic uncertainty
Asymptomatic cyst shedding:
Iodoquinol/paromomycin
Prevention od E. Histolytica
Good personal hygiene
Purification of water supply:
Boiling, filtration
CHLORINATION NOT EFFECTIVE
Infective form of E. Histolytica
Cyst (not trophozoite)
Giardia transmission
Fecal-oral
Cyst ingestion
Sx of giardiasis
Asymptomatic
Mild watery diarrhea
Malabsorption syndrome
Nausea, malaise, abd cramps, bloating, flatulence, fatigue, wt loss, steatorrhea
NO HEMATOCHEZIA, NO MUCOUS IN STOOL
Inv for giardia
Multiple stool samples (daily x 3d)
Stool Ag
Small bowel aspirate, Bx
Tx of giardia
Metronidazole, nitazoxide
Prevention of giardia
Good personal hygiene and sanitation
Water purification (iodine better than chloriniation)
Outbreak investigation
Transmission of TV
STD
TV Sx
Often asymptomatic.
Occasionally urethritis/prostatitis in males
Vaginitis in female:
Discharge, pruritus, dysuria, dyspareunia
Inv for TV
Wet mount
Ag detection
Culture
Males: urine PCR
Tx of TV
Metro for pt and partners
Cryptospordium transmission
Fecal-oral
Water contaminated by humans and cows
Sx of cryptospordium
Asymptomatic
Self-limited watery diarrhea
Chronic, severe, non-bloody diarrhea
N/V, anorexia
Wt loss, death in ImComp
Inv for cryptospordium
Modified acid-fast stain of stool or tissue
S/E
Stool Ag
Tx of cryptospordiosis
Supportive
If HIV:
ART, increase CD4 to > 100
If failure:
Nitazoxanide
cryptospordium Px
Water filtration
Personal hygiene
Malaria transmission
Anopheles bite
Vertical(rare)
Blood transfusion
Sx of malaria
Flu-like prodrome
Paroxysms of high spiking fever and shaking chills
Abd pain, myalgia, H/A, cough, diarrhea
Hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia
In which type of malaria are there relapsing attacks after several months?
Oval and vivax
Due to reactivation of dormant liver hypnozoites
Most common malaria
Falciparum
Most lethal malaria
Falciparum
Complications of falciparum
CNS involvement (seizures, coma)
Severe anemia
Acute kidney injury
ARDS
Death
Inv for malaria
Blood smear q 12-24 h (x3)
Thick smear
Thin smear
Rapid Ag
Tx of malaria
Vivax, Oval:
Chloroquine
+ primaquine (to eradicate liver forms)
Chloroquine resistance vivax:
Atovaquone/proguanil + primaquine
Or
Quinine and doxy + primaquine
P. Malariae: chloroquine
P. Knowlesi: chloroquine
P. Falciparum: Artesunate + doxy/clinda/atovaquone-proguanil Or Quinine + doxy/clinda Or Atovaquone/proguanil
Malaria prevention
Covering exposed skin
Bed nets
Insect repellents
Meds:
Atovaquone-proguanil
Doxycycline
Trypanosoma cruzi transmission
Reduviid: Kissing bug (stool rubbed into bite site by host)
Placental
Organ donation
Blood transfusion
Ingestion of contaminated food
Trypanosoma cruzi Sx
Acute:
Asymptomatic
Local swelling (Roman’s sign)
Fever, LAP, HSM, cardiomegaly
Chronic indeterminate phase:
Asymptomatic
Increasing Ab level in blood
Chronic determinate phase (30-40% of individuals): 10-25 y after infection: Dilated CMP Esophagomegaly Megacolon
Inv for Chagas
Thick and thin blood smears:
Wet prep, Giemsa
Serology
PCR
Tx of Chagas
Acute:
Nifurtimox
Benznidazole
Indeterminate phase:
Treat as above for age <50
Chronic determinate:
Symptomatic, surgery
Antiparasitic Tx
Prevention of chagas
Insect control
Bed nets
Toxo transmission
Exposure to cat feces
Ingestion of undercooked meat
Vertical
Organ transplantation
Gardening without gloves (cat feces)
Whole blood transfusion
Sx of congenital toxo
Result of: acute primary infection of mother during pregnancy
Stillbirth Chorioretinitis Blindness Seizures Severe developmental delay Microcephaly
Or asymptomatic in infancy with adolescence/adulthood:
Chorioretinitis
Sx of acquired toxo
Asymptomatic
Mononucleosis-like syndrome
Remains latent for life, unless reactivation due to ImSup
Toxo Sx in ImSup pts
Encephalitis
Focal CNS lesions:
Single/multiple ring-enhancing lesions
H/A, FND
LAP, HSM, pneumonitis
Chorioretinitis
Inv for toxo
Serology
CSF:
Wright-Giemsa stain, Ag, PCR
Bx
CT if ImComp
Ophthalmologic examination
Toxo serology in AIDS
might be false negative
Toxo Tx
None
If pregnant: Spiramycin Or pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine (+ folinic acid) Avoid undercooked meat Refrain from emptying cat litter boxes
If HIV:
Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine
If eye disease, meningitis:
CS
Toxo Px
Hand hygiene
Cook meat thoroughly
Pinworm transmission
Fecal oral : self-inoculation
Fomite: person to person
Pinworm Dx
Sticky tape test x 5-7 times
Pinworm Tx
Mebendazole
Albendazole
Pregnancy: pyrantel
Tx all family members
Prevention: Change underwear Bathe in the morning Pajamas to bed Wash hands Trim fingernails
Onchocerca vulvulus
Blackfly bite
River blindness
Ivermectin + doxy
Wuchereria bancrofti
Mosquito bite
LAP,
Lymphedema
Elephantiasis
Tx: diethylcarbamazine + doxy
Trichuris trichiura
Ingestion of eggs in soil
Diarrhea (mucous, blood)
Rectal prolapse
Abd pain
Stunted growth
Tx: mebendazole, albendazole
Strogyloides stercoralis
Fecal contamination of soil:
Walking barefoot, via unbroken skin
Autoinfection through GI mucosa or perianal skin
Adult worm in small intestine
Pulmonary migration of larva
Loffler
SS
Ascaris
Larva currens
Itchy rash due to SS
Tx of SS
Ivermectin
Albendazole
SS hyperinfection
Massive autoinfection in immunocompromised host
The most common RF:
Immunoablarive therapy including CS
Taenia solium transmission
Cestode
Undercooked pork:
Taeniasis: mild abdominal symptoms
Human feces:
Cysticercosis: mass lesion in CNS, eye, skin, seizure
Tx of taenia solium
Taeniasis:
Praziquantel
Cysticercosis:
CS + albendazole
Anti-epileptic if seizures
Taenia saginata
Cestode
Undercooked beef
Mild GI symptoms
Tx praziquantel
Diphyllobutrium latum
Cestode
North America
Europe
Asia
Raw fish
B12 deficiency
Tx: praziquantel
Echinococcus granulosus
Cestode
Dog feces
Mass effect of cysts
Anaphylaxis during surgical release
Tx:
Albendazole +/- praziquantel
Surgery + peri-op albendazole
Percutaneous aspiration + peri-op albendazoke
Clonorchis sinensis
Asia
Raw fish
Bile duct inflammation/cholangiocarcinoma
Tx: praziquantel
Schistosoma transmission
Penetration of unbroken skin by the larvae in fresh water
Adult worms in terminal venules, passing eggs into urine/stool
Schistosomiasis symptoms
Most asymptomatic
Swimmers’ itch (cercarial dermatitis)
Acute schistosomiasis:
Hypersensitivity to migrating parasite (4-8 wk later):
Fever, hives, H/A, Wt loss, cough, abd pain, chronic diarrhea, eosinophilia
Chronic:
S. Mansoni, S. Japonicum:
Worms in mesentric veins, eggs in portal tract of liver, and bowel.
Intestinal polyps, portal/pulmonary HTN, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
S. Hematobium: Worms in vesical plexus, eggs in distal ureter and bladder. Granulomas and fibrosis Hematuria Obstructive uropathy SCC if bladder
Neurologic complications of schistosomiasis
Cerebral
Cerebellar
Transverse myelitis
Increased ICP
FND
Seizures
Pulmonary complications of schistosomiasis
Pulmonary HTN
Corpulmonale
Granulomatous pulmonary endarteritis
Inv for schistosomiasis
Serology
CBC
S/E (eggs in mansoni, japonicum)
Liver U/S: fibrosis
Rectal Bx
Bladder Bx
Hematobium: eggs in urine and occasionally feces
Kidney/bladder U/S
schistosomiasis Tx
Praziquantel
If acute: add CS
If neurologic complications: add CS
schistosomiasis Px
Proper disposal of human fecal waste
Molluscicide
Avoidance of infested fresh water
Prevention of vector-borne diseases
Long sleeves
Long pants
Permethrin repellents to cloths, belongings, bed nets
DEET repellents for skin
Prevention of food/water borne diseases
Avoid raw meat/seafood
Avoid uncooked vegetables
Avoid milk/dairy products
Drink only bottled beverages, Chlorinated water, Boiled water
Prevention of recreation-related infections
Caution when swimming in schistosomiasis endemic regions, fresh water rafting/kayaking, beaches that may contain human/animal waste products, near storm drains, after heavy rainfalls
Med prophylaxis for malaria
Chloroquine
Mefloquine
Atovaquone + proguanil
Doxy
Med for traveler diarrhea Px
Bismuth
Vaccinations for travelers
Std vaccines up to date:
Hep B, MMR, teranus/diphteria, varicella, pertussis, polio, influenza
Travel vaccines: Hep A, B Japanese encephalitis Typhoid fever Yellow fever Rabies ETEC Cholera
Prevention of STD, blood borne diseases
Safe sex practices
Avoidance of percutaneous injury (razor, tattoo, piercing)
Fever in traveler,
Incubation < 21 d, consider:
Malaria
Thyphoid fever
Dengue fever
Chikunguny
Rickettsioses
R/O:
Hepatitis
TB
Traveler fever
Incubation > 21 d
Malaria
TB
Typhoid
R/O: Dengue Chikungunya Traveler diarrhea Rickettsiosis
Inv for fever in returned traveler
CBC, diff Liver enzymes BUN, Cr Lytes Thick/thin blood smear x 3 Blood C/S U/A, C/S if dysuria Stool: C/S, O/P CXR IgM for dengue
Dengue fever transmission
Mosquito
Urban
Day biting
SE Asia
Caribbean
Dengue fever incubation
3d- 2wk
Dengue fever Sx
Sudden onset headache H/A Retro-orbital pain Myalgia Arthralgia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Hemorrhagic manifestations
Dx of dengue fever
Serology. IgM
Tx of dengue fever
Acetaminophen
AVOID NSAIDS (BLEEDING)
Typhoid geography
Mostly indian subcontinent
Pathogens of enteric fever (typhoid)
Salmonella typhi/paratyphi
Incubation period of Typhoid fever
3-60 d
Typhoid fever Sx
Sustained fever 39-40° Abd pain H/A Loss of appetite Cough Constipation!
Dx of enteric fever
Stool/blood/urine sample positive for salmonella typhi/paratyphi
Tx of enteric fever
Quinolone
Ceftriaxone
Macrolide
Tick typhus geography/agent
India, south Aftica, mediterranean
Rickettsia
Inc: 1-2 wk
Tick typhus Sx
Fever H/A Fatigue Muscle aches Eschar at site of tick bite Thrombocytopenia Elevated liver enzyme
Dx of tick typhus
Serology
Eschar
Tx of tick typhus
Doxycycline
Mononucleosis pathogens and incubation period
EBV/CMV
Inc: 30-50 d
Tx: acetaminophen, NSAIDs, fluids
Zika Sx
Flu-like
Inc: 3-12 d
Dx: RT-PCR, serology
Zika Tx
Rest
Fluid
Analgesics/antipyretics (avoid NSAIDs until dengue R/O)
Zika geography
Africa
SE Asia
S. America
Plague vector
Flea
Inv for FUO
CBC, diff Lytes BUN, Cr Ca profile Liver enzymes ESR, CRP Muscle enzymes RF, ANA SPEP Blood smear Stool C/S, O/P
Cultures: blood x2, urine, sputum, stool, other fluids
Serology: HIV, monospot, CMV
Imaging: CXR, abd imaging
If no Dx for FUO after all workups,
Consider empiric therapy vs watchful waiting
Good prognosis
Infections associated with asplenia
HIB S. Pneumoniae N. Meningitidis Salmonella Babesiosis Malaria Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Neutrophil dysfunction makes vulnerable to
Catalase-producing organisms: Staph Serratia Nocardia Aspergillus
Febrile neutropenia definition
Fever 38 or higher for more than 1 h And: ANC <0.5 Or ANC <1 but trending down to 0.5
Nutritional deficiencies causing neutropenia
B12, folate
Most common etiology of infection in febrile neutropenia
GP
Inv for febrile neutropenia
PEx, including perianal region
DO NOT PERFORM DRE
Blood C/S x2 Urine C/S Culture all indwelling caths Sputum C/S Nasopharyngeal swab
CBC, diff
BUN, Cr
Lytes
AST/ALT, total Bil
Most common infections in febrile neutropenia
Mucositis
Line infection
Indications for G-CSF or GM-CSF before chemo
Febrile neutropenia in previous chemo cycle
Or
Risk of febrile neutropenia > 20
Effect: decreased hospitalization (no effect on mortality)
Prophylactic vaccination given before organ transplant
All:
DTaP, pneumococcal, influenza, hepatitis A and B
If low titer/poor documentation:
MMR, polio, varicella (booster 4-8 wk later)
Immune reconstruction syndrome worse with
Lower pre-treatment CD4 count
Quick increase in CD4 count
Settings in which immune reconstruction syndrome happens
ART in HIV Solid organ transplant recipients Post-partum Neutropenic pts Anti-TNF therapy
Tx of IRS
Mild-mod Sx:
Continue HAART in HIV
Life-threatening or potentially irriversible Sx:
D/C
Tx underlying infection (sometimes prior to HAART)
CS/NSAIDs