objective exam principles Flashcards
explain how the body is positioned in anatomical position?
- body is erect
- palms face forward
- thumbs point out
- feet are slightly apart
- feet and toes point down
in how many planes of reference is the body divided into? what are they
3 anatomical/cardinal planes
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
how are the antomical planes situated from one another?
at right angles to each other an intersect at the center of gravity
what are the planes of reference used for?
for describing and measuring anatomical bone movements
what plane Divides the body symmetrically into right and left halves
sagittal plane
what plane Divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) halves
frontal plane
what plane divides the body into cranial and caudal halves and extremities into distal and proximal halves
transverse plane
when talking about anatomical directions what does superior refer to? what other word may be used?
Closer to the head
Cranial: used when referring to structures on the trunk
when talking about anatomical directions what does inferior refer to? what other word may be used?
Closer to the feet
Caudal:used when referring to structures on the trunk
when talking about anatomical directions what does anterior refer to?
structure further in front in comparaison to another structure
when talking about anatomical directions what does posterior refer to?
a structure further toward the back of the body than another structure
when talking about anatomical directions what does medial refer to?
pertains to a structure closer to the midline or center of the body
when talking about anatomical directions what does lateral refer to?
refers to a structure further from the midline
when talking about anatomical directions what does distal refer to?
a structure further away from the trunk or the boldy’s midline (extremities)
when talking about anatomical directions what does proximal refer to?
a structure closer to the trunk (extremities)
when talking about anatomical directions what does superficial refer to?
a structure closer to the body’s surface
when talking about anatomical directions what does deep refer to?
a structure deeper in the body
where do anatomical axis lie?
Anatomical axes lie at the intersection of two anatomical planes and anatomical bone movements take place around theses axes
where does the frontal axis run?
runs from left to right
where does the sagittal axis run
runs in the dorsal-ventral direction
where does the longitudinal axis run?
runs in the cranial-caudal direction
what is flexion?
Bends a joint or brings the bones closer together
what is extension?
Straightens or opens a joint
in what plane does flexion and extension happen? around what axis?
Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane around a frontal axis