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PHTH 450 > Muscles and exercise prescriptions > Flashcards

Muscles and exercise prescriptions Flashcards

1
Q

what is muscle tissue responsible for?

A

the movement of materials through the body

The movement of one part of the body with respect to another Locomotion

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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3
Q

what is the extensibility of a muscle?

A

Ability to be stretched or increase in length without being damaged

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4
Q

what is the elasticity of a muscle?

A

Ability to return to normal resting position following a stretch

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5
Q

what is the irritability/excitability of a muscle?

A

Ability to respond to a stimulus (this stimulus is provided electrochemically)

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6
Q

how can the ability to develop tension in a muscle occur?

A

Can occur passively (stretch) Or actively (contraction)

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7
Q

what is the prime agonist muscle?

A

Amuscle (or group of ms) that carries out an action ◦Directly responsible for producing movement

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8
Q

what happens to the antagonist when agonist is contracing?

A

it lengthens

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9
Q

what is a synergist muscle?

A

muscle that supports the action, it performs a cooperative muscle finction in relation to the agonist

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10
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a muscle that has opposite effect than the agonist, it can lengthen passively or with eccentric contraction

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11
Q

provide the following in the case of dorsiflexion of the ankle?
agonist
synergist
antagonist

A

agonist: tib ant
synergist: ext dig longus, ext hallucis longus antagonist: soleus and gastrocs

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12
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

when tension is generated in a ms, but the ms length and joint angle don’t change
static contraction

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13
Q

what is an isotonic contraction what are the different types?

A

Change the length of a ms and create movement ◦ Concentric (shortens) and eccentric (lengthens)

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14
Q

what is the role of isometric contraction

A

stabilize the joints rather than create movement

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15
Q

what happens in a concentric contraction?

A

The ms shortens

◦ Initiates or accelerates movement and overcomes some external resistance like gravity

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16
Q

provide an example of a concentric contraction?

A

when lifting a book off a table

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17
Q

what is an eccentric contraction?

A

The ms lengthens (in reality returning from a shortened position to normal resting length) ◦ Decelerate and control movement

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18
Q

provide an example of eccentric contraction?

A

slowly lowering book on the table

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19
Q

when looking at your quads in a seated position what type of contraction follows: The quads shorten to extend your knees, allowing you to get up from the chair

A

concentric

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20
Q

when looking at your quads in a seated position what type of contraction follows: The ms in your trunk are keeping your trunk stable

A

isometric

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21
Q

when looking at your quads in a seated position what type of contraction follows: When you sit back down, the quads must lengthen and slow your descent so you don’t flop into the chair

A

eccentric

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22
Q

with respect to gravity muscle action can occur

A

-in the same direction as gravity (down)
-opposite direction as gravity (up)
-in a direction perpendicular to gravity(horizontal or gravity free)
in the same or opposite direction as gravity but at an angle

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23
Q

how can muscle performance be measured?

A

strength
endurance
power

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24
Q

what is muscular strenght?

A

amount of force that may be exerted by an individual in a single maximum muscular
contraction against a specific resistance
ability to produce torque at joint

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25
Q

how can strength be measured

A

MMT (manual muscle testing) – acceptable standardized process used to find gross strength deficits
and to isolate ms groups and actions
◦ Dynamometer (device)– more objective, handheld, isometric, isokinetic

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26
Q

what is muscle endurance?

A

Ability of a muscle, or group of ms, to continue to perform without fatigue

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27
Q

what is muscle power, what is it a product of? what does it contribute to?

A

Maximum amount of work an individual can perform in a given unit of time ◦ Is the product of muscular force and velocity of muscle shortening
◦ Important contributor to activities involving both strength and speed

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28
Q

provide an example of muscles with high endurance?

A

postural muscles, they don’t need to be strong, but are continuously working and hence need to be endurance

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29
Q

what are the different types of resistance used in exercise programs?

A

Gravity (AROM exs) Body weight (push ups) Small weights
Elastic tubing
Exercise machines

30
Q

what is gravity generally used for?

A

for AROM Exercises

31
Q

what is frequency in exercise prescription?

A

amount of times per week/day

32
Q

what frequency of exercises is commonly seen in rehab?

A

daily

33
Q

what is the general frequency as a patient healing progresses

A

EOD

34
Q

what is said by the amount of repetition?

A

amount of sets and reps

need to be specific, no ranges, ex: 12 reps for 3 sets

35
Q

what is measured in terms of duration and speed of exercise in exercise prescription?

A

Length of exercise session

◦ how long do you hold, or how long to do the contraction

36
Q

what is intensity in exercise prescription?

A

How much effort is required to perform the exercise

37
Q

what patient would be in a high intensity exercise program?

A

athletes

38
Q

what population would generally have a low intensity exercise program?

A

patient with limited ROM

39
Q

What factors may affect intensity?

A 
pain level
ms fatigue
time taken to recover from fatigue
cardiovascular response
compensatory movements level of motivation
degree of comprehension
40
Q

what is variation? why is this important?

A

Need for alterations in one or more program variables over time to allow for training stimulus to remain optimal

41
Q

what is important about rest intervalas? what are the general values between sets? between sessions?

A

Must be sufficient to allow for muscular recuperation and development while alleviating the potential for overtraining
◦ Usually 60-90 sec between each set
◦ 48 hours between strengthening sessions

42
Q

what happens if Any discomfort or reproduction of symptoms that lasts more than 1-2 hours of the intervention is unacceptable

A

should return to or below baseline

43
Q

what should be considered prior to prescribing exercises?

A

Individual’s current health and fitness status
◦ Goals
◦ Access to equipment
◦ Time available for training
◦ Different program for an athlete vs. children, untrained adults, elderly persons or patients with chronic disease

44
Q

in an orthopaedic rehab population what may determine exercises prescriptions and progression

A

Stage of healing and degree of irritability

45
Q

when are the patient symptoms considered to be irritable? what type of exercises should be prescribed

A

If pain is present before resistance or the end-feel

nothing too agressive should be applied

46
Q

what happens if pain occurs after resistance? what type of exercises should be prescribed?

A

symptoms are considered to be non irritable and thus exercises can be more agressive

47
Q

provide the guideline for isometric exercises in terms of frequency, duration, repetitions and intensity

A

F: daily
duration: 6 sec hold
Reps 1-10
intensity: low-moderate

48
Q

when is isometric exercise prescription used? what is it used to prevent?

A

When joint movement is restricted (Pain, casting/bracing)

◦ Used to prevent atrophy and a decrease of ligament, bone and muscle strength

49
Q

what are some disadvantages to isometric strengthening?

A

Strength gains are not increased throughout range
◦ Do not activate all the ms fibers (primary activation is slow-twitch fibers)
◦ No flexibility or cardiovascular benefits
◦ Peak effort can be injurious to the tissues because of vasoconstriction and joint compression forces
◦ There is limited functional carryover

50
Q

when are concentric exercises commonly used?

A

rehab process and activities of daily living (ADLs)

51
Q

provide the guideline for concentric exercises in terms of frequency, duration, repetitions and intensity

A 
Frequency: 2-3 days/week
◦ Reps x 3 sets: depending on intensity
◦ Low: 10-15 reps
◦ Moderate: 8-10 reps 
◦ High: 6-8 reps
52
Q

in order to increase strenght what needs to happen in the msucle?

A

it must be challenged to a level greater than what it is accoustumed to
high levels of tension will produce adaptation in the form of hypertrophy and recruitment of more muscle fibers

53
Q

how are eccentric exercises generally accomplished?

A

s the motion of an active ms while it is lengthening under load ◦ Done slowly to control the movement and challenge the muscle

54
Q

when are eccentric exercises prescribed in rehab?

A

deconditioned or low endurance pts
◦ tendonitis presentations
◦ Plateaus in strength gain
◦ Late-stage rehab and performance training (athletes)

55
Q

what is functional strength

A

The ability of the neuromuscular system to perform combinations of concentric and eccentric contractions in the performance of activities that relate to a patient’s needs and requirements in a multiplanar environment.

56
Q

what does affective rehab target?

A

Affective rehabilitation targets specific muscles with regard to functional muscle activity patterns and overall conditioning

57
Q

what does functional strength use a progression of and for what?

A

increased activity, while preventing further trauma

58
Q

what should happen as strength increases

A

should also see incremental gains in function

59
Q

what is the SAID principel?

A

S: : specific
A: adaptation
I: imposed
D: demand

60
Q

what is needed for adaptations to take place?

A

A greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place

61
Q

what is muscle endurance in terms of reps

A

A Higher amount of reps, training to push muscle fatigue

62
Q

how can muscle power be increased?

A

Power is increased by having a ms work dynamically against resistance within a specified period
makes use of both strength and velocity

63
Q

what exercise are commonly used to incrrease muscle power

A

pylometrics

64
Q

provide the guideline for a patient who’s goal is to maintain or increase ROM following an acute injury in terms of frequency, duration, repetitions and intensity

A

◦ Intensity: low
◦ Duration: no hold vs short hold time (0 – 5 sec) ◦ Reps: high (5-10)
◦ Frequency: high (2-5x/day)

65
Q

provide the guideline for a patient who’s goal is to increase ROM of a hypomobile joint (After immobilization) in terms of frequency, duration, repetitions and intensity

A

Intensity: moderate sensation of stretch (PROM or AAROM with OP)
◦ Duration: 10-30 sec
◦ Reps: 2-6 (total 60 sec)
◦ Frequency: ≥ 2-3/week (the more the better)

66
Q

how would ROM progress in an acute injury

A

PROM –> AAROM –> AROM

67
Q

provide the guideline for a patient who’s goal is to increase flexibility of a relatively short muscle in terms of frequency, duration, repetitions and intensity and how should the stress be applied

A

stress should be applied parallel to the muscle fibers
Intensity: moderate sensation of stretch
◦ Duration: 10-30 sec
◦ Reps: 2-6 (total 60 sec)
◦ Frequency: ≥ 2-3x/week

68
Q

what should flexibility exercises never lead to?

A

signs and symptoms of tissue inflammation/pain/soreness

69
Q

during flexibility stretches what is the max increase in pain endured by the patient during the stretch

A

no increase greater than 2/10 in terms of pain

70
Q

after a flexibility exercise, after how much time should muscle fatigue/pain return to baseline?

A

return after 1-2H

PHTH 450 (14 decks)

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