Joints Flashcards
what is represented by a joint
the junction b/w two or more bones
how is the region of a joint described as?
regions where bones are capped and surrounded by CT that allows to hold the bones together and determine the type of mvmt that occurs b/w them
what is an anatomical joint
two articular surfaces with the surrounding joint capsile, ligaments and intra-articular structures
based on cyriax’s model what is the anatomical joint components classified as?
inert structures
what is the physiological joint also known as
the joint complex
what is the physiological joint
composed of the anatomical joint + all surrounding soft tissue, nerves and blood vessels
based on the cyriax model all the neuromuscular tissue that makes up the physiological joint composes what type of structure?
contractile structure
what part of the joint or joint complex is afffected with movement and mobilization techniques
the entire joint or joint complex
what is a diarthosis joint
joint that generally unites long bones and allows free bone mvmt and great mobility
what characterizes the diartrosis joint
fibroelastic joint capsule that is filled w/ synovial fluid
what is an other common name given to diarthosis joints
synovial joints
what are the distinguishing features of a synovial joint
- has a joint cavity
- articular cartilage
- synovial fluid
- synovial membrane
- a fibrous capsule
what is the role of synovial fluid in joints
acts as a cushion and provides lubrification to the joint
what is a synarthosis joint named according to?
according to the type of tissues that connects both bones
what is a syndesmosis joint
a joint that is connected byt fibrous tissue/interosseous ligament such as the radioulnar joint in the forearm
what is a synchondrosis
a joint in which cartilage connects both bones often an articular disc such as in the pubic symphysis
what is a synostosis/suture joint?
joint for which the bone connects to the bone such as in the skull of an infant
what are arthrokinematics
the study of the mvmt of one articular surface onto another without regards to the movement of the bone or of the forces producing mvmt
what terms are generally used to describe the arthrokinematics of a joint
slide
glides
spins
swings
how is gliding of a joint described in terms of?
always describe as a function of the distal bone gliding on the proximal bone in a given direction, especially in extremities
what is osteokinematics
the study and measurement of motion of a bone in space and the study of mvmt of a bone around its mechanical axis w/o regards to the motion occuring at the joint surface of the forces that are producing the mvmt
what does osteokinematics generally consist of
osteokinematic rotation and can also involve some translation at the level of the joint
what is considered to be the mechanical axis of a joitn
the line that passes through the bone perpendicular to the joint surface
provide the arthrokinematic and osteokinematics for flexion of the knee
arthrokinematic: posterior glide of tibia on patella
osteokinematic: distal bone (tibia) moves in space posteriorly
what is a simple joint
a joint with one articulating surface generally one surface will be concave and the other will be convexe
which bone is refered to in order to determine which bone is the moving bone
the distal bone
what is the concex-concave rule or male-female rule?
the convex bone will move in the opposite direction of the glide at that joint
the concave bone will move in the same direction as the glide at that joint
what is a compound joint
a joint with more that one articulating pain in a single capsule
neitger will articulate with the surface which belongs to the other
provide an example of a compound joint in the foot
For example, the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints act together as the compound transverse tarsal joint.
what is a complex joint
a joint that has an articular disc
what is a degree of freedom
the number of independent modes of motion at a joint
what major joints only have one degree of freedom? joint motion occurs in how many planes?
joint motion about a single plane
eg PIP joint of the hand/feet
provide an example of a joint w/ 2 DOF
MCP joint
provide an example of a joint with 3DOF
hip and shoulder
how are synovial joint classified as in terms of the types of bone mvmt and the DOF allowed at each particular joint
-unmodified ovid
-modified ovif
unmodified sellar
modified sellar
what is an ovoid joint surface
a surface that can either be convex or concave in all directions s/a an egg shell
what is a sellar or saddle joint surface
a surface that is inversely curved w/ convexe and concave surfaces situated at right angles to each other
what is an unmodified ovid joint
a joint that is sufficently spherical in shape to allow 3DOF s/a the hip and shoulder joint
associated w/ joints that have 3DOF
what is a modified ovid joint
a joint in which the degree of curvature is more marked in one plane thatn in the other
allows only 2 DOF s/a in the MCP and radiocarpal joint
what is an unmodified sellar joint
a joint surface which are purely concave in one plane and then purely convex in the other plane thus the joint surfaces will be perpendicular to one another
this allows for only 2DOF s/a in the 1st CMC joint
what is a modified sellar joint
a joint for which surfaces are both concave and convex in the same plane and hence surfaces are not perpendicular to each other.
this allows for 1DOF such as in the IP joint
a joint with 3 DOF will have what type of articulating surfaces
unmodified ovoid
a joint w/ 2 DOF will have what type of articulating surfaces
unmodified sellar or modified ovoid
a joint w/ 1 DOF will have what type of articulating surfaces
modified sellar
what ype of articulating surface is the shoulder and hip joint
unmodified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the ulnohumero joint
modified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the radiocarpal joint
modified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the thumb cmc
unmodified sellar
what type of articulating surface is the MCP
modified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the PIP and DIP
modified sellar
what type of articulating surface is the tibiofemoral joint
modified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the talocrural joint
modified sellar
what type of articulating surface is the MTP
modified ovoid
what type of articulating surface is the IP joint
modified sellar
are articulating surfaces in joint congruent?
no they are not always fully congruent thus often due to two surfaces which have differences in the curvature of the articular surfaces
due to the differences in curvatures of the articulating surfaces, what does that mean in terms of contact
that at some positions the surfaces will be in greater contact with one another than at other positions
explain the resting postioon of a joint
- least packed position
- periarticular structure are most lax and allow for the greatest range of joint play
- minimal joint surface contact
- maximal joint volume
- symptom relieving position
- least ms tension, no ms contraction
in what position are joints normally mobilized in
resting position
why is there minimal to no tension in resting position of a joint
because the exernal force is taken up by the joint capsule or surrounding ligaments
what joint position is said to be the least stable?
resting position since the bones are farthest appart
what is the closed packed position of a joint
- when the joint capsule and ligaments are maximally tensed
- max contact b/w concave and convex articular surfaces
- minimal joint volume
- maximal stability hence no further motion is possible
what are common injuries that occur in the closed pack joint position due to a large external force
fractures and dislocations
are joint mobilizations commonluy preformed in the closed packed position
no
