OBJ 2.3 Flashcards
Determine appropriate documentation of detailed building drawings within individual architectural systems (A/E) You will need to resolve, detail, and document individual architectural systems such as partition types, expansion joints, windows, doors, louvers, stairs, and other systems based on constructability, environmental, programmatic, and other building requirements.
1
Q
Door Parts
A
Door Parts Answer
2
Q
Door Type
A
Rail and Stile
3
Q
Stair Parts
A
Stair Parts Answers
4
Q
True or false? If a local ordinance or code is stricter than the International Building Code (IBC), the design must comply with the local codes.
A
True. It is important for the candidate to know that local or state requirements that are stricter than the IBC will trump them. The most stringent of the requirements always applies.
5
Q
Should a building’s footing be located at the frost line or below it?
A
Below. In other words, the top of the footing should be at frostline and, therefore, the entirety of the footing is below the frostline.
6
Q
Tuckpointing
A
Tuckpointing is a masonry repair process whereby mortar joints are ground down, cleaned out, and filled with new mortar.
7
Q
Mechanical Louver
A
Protected openings in the façade of a building for mechanical systems to intake fresh air and exhaust used air. Mechanical louvers often are a system that have built-in drainage and are designed to protect the building from wind and rain.
8
Q
Non-Load-Bearing Partitions
A
Interior partitions that are not integral to the structure of the building, and can be altered or removed in the future. Non-load bearing partitions can be made of CMU, metal studs with drywall, wood framing with drywall, etc.
9
Q
Shaft Wall
A
Non-load-bearing gypsum wallboard assemblies, used when one side of a shaft cannot be accessed; typically used for vertical penetrations to achieve a fire rating.
10
Q
Transom Light
A
A window over a door.
11
Q
Side Light
A
A window adjacent to a door to introduce light into the room and provide a view.
12
Q
Mullion
A
An element that forms a division between window or door units.
13
Q
Muntin
A
Small bars that separate two panes of glass in order to join them together to make a larger expanse of glass.
14
Q
Coordinator
A
Coordinates the closing sequence of double doors when one has an astragal, so that they close in the proper order and may close completely.
15
Q
Astragal
A
A vertical element used between double doors that seals the gaps between the two leaves to act as a doorstop or to give added security.
16
Q
What door type is depicted?
A
17
Q
What door type is depticted?
A
Paneled
18
Q
What door type is depticted?
A
Overhead Sectional
19
Q
What door type is depticted?
A
Half Lite
20
Q
What door type is depticted?
A
Full Lite
21
Q
What door type is depticted?
A
Flush
22
Q
Waterstop
A
A continuous piece of neoprene rubber or other material installed in a concrete joint to prevent the flow of water through the joint.
23
Q
Solid-Core Wood Door
A
Solid-core wood doors are made from wood veneer faces over solid cores of various materials such as particleboard. They have better acoustical and fire-resistive properties and are more secure and durable than hollow-core doors.
24
Q
Hollow-Core Wood Door
A
Hollow-core doors are made with wood veneer faces on each side of a cellular cardboard interior. They transmit sound easily and have no fire-resistive properties.
25
Panel Wood Door
Panel doors consist of solid horizontal rail and vertical stile construction with panels in-between that can be either flat or raised.
26
Latch
A latch is required on all fire doors to keep them from blowing open during a fire and allowing smoke and fire to spread.
27
Undercut
When a door is cut at the bottom to provide clearance for airflow. Undercuts are 3/4" maximum for fire-rated doors.
28
Swing-Clear Hinges
Allows the door to get completely out of the way of the frame, increasing the clear width of the opening.
29
Sill Plate
Treated lumber that is attached to the top of the foundation wall as a way to provide a base for the floor framing; fastened with anchor bolts.
30
Sill Sealer
A material that is inserted between the sill plate and the top of the foundation to provide a seal against air infiltration and moisture wicking.
31
Termite Shield
In light wood frame construction, a termite shield is a piece of sheet metal that is installed at the top of a foundation to limit termites’ migration from the soil to the wood framing above. Used in areas where risk of termite infestation is high.
32
Double Egress Doors
Pair of doors that are designed to allow egress in both directions. Each leaf is designed to swing in the opposite direction and is coordinated with the flow of traffic. Typically used in hospital corridors.
33
Double Acting Doors
A single door that is able to swing in both directions because of pivot hinges or double acting hinges.
34
Treated Wood
Chemical treatment of lumber for decay, fire, or insect resistance. Chemicals are applied to the lumber under pressure. The chemicals used are always evolving. Copper chromium arsenate used to be widely used to treat lumber but is no longer used because of its high toxicity.
35
Incising
In treated lumber, little cuts are sometimes made in the wood to improve chemical impregnation. This is called incising.
36
WPC
Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) is a mix of wood particles and heated thermoplastics used as an alternative to lumber for exterior trim and decks. Examples: Trex and Azek.
37
Naturally Decay-Resistant Wood
Heartwood of redwood, cedar, black locust, and black walnut are decay resistant per the IBC and redwood and Eastern red cedar are termite-resistant. Specifying all heartwood as sapwood of the same species does not offer this protection.
38
AWPA
The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) provides standards for chemically treated wood.
39
Ventilating of attics and crawlspaces
Attics and crawlspaces must be ventilated to keep moisture from damaging building materials.
40
Wood that is submerged in water is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Resistant to decay because of lack of oxygen. This does not apply to seawater, only fresh water.
41
True or false? Automated entrance doors are required where public buildings must be accessible.
False, while helpful, they are not required.
42
A smooth surface must be provided on the push side of swing doors for a minimum of __ inches AFF.
10 inches. This is because people in wheelchairs often use their toes to help kick a door open. It is not required on sliding doors.
43
The maximum opening force for interior doors is ____ lbf.
5. Exterior doors’ opening force is not specified due to wind loading and air pressure and should be set at the minimum force possible to maintain a latch.
44
Are doors to pantries and shallow closets required to comply with maneuvering clearances?
No, but walk-in closet and pantry doors are.
45
Are screen or storm doors considered to be "in series"?
No, and they don't have to comply with the maneuvering clearances.
46
Per ADA required clearances at doors, a door can be recessed no more than __ inches beyond the wall it is in.
8 inches. Typically the door would not be recessed at all, but if a door with a deeper recess is needed, 8" is allowed.
47
Purpose of building joints
Resultant of our need to work with materials that can be easily and efficiently fabricated, transported, and assembled on site. Joints allow for field adjustments in assemblies during construction.
48
Two different strategies for joining building components
1. Static Joint: non-moving joint between the components. In the case of a window, a static joint would result in broken glass, broken frame, or both. 2. Movement Joint: allows materials to move independently and, at the same time, hold the window glass securely in the frame.
49
Construction Joint
A special type of static joint that is provided between two concrete placements.
50
Types of Movement Joints
Building Joints: joints between different parts of the building as a whole Component Joints: joints between individual components of an assembly
51
Spacing between building separation joints
Suggested spacing is 250’ between building separation joints. Most buildings of simple rectangular shape up to 300’ do not need separation joints.
52
Typical width of a building separation joint
1.5” to 2” running throughout the entire building from floor to floor and from face to face.
53
Which discontinuities require building separation joints?
1. Where a low building mass meets a tall mass 2. Where the building changes direction, such as in an L-shape or T-shape building 3. Where the building's structural material changes, such as where a steel frame building meets a concrete frame
54
Seismic Joint
Similar but also different from a building separation joint. These are also provided where there are major dissimilarities in building form. The purpose is to ensure that one section of the building doesn't collide with the adjacent section during an earthquake.
55
Width of a seismic joint
Typically wider than a building separation joint; in highly seismic locations, this joint could be a few feet wide for a tall building.
56
What causes movement in building components?
-Thermal movement - Moisture movement - Elastic deformation and creep - Construction tolerances and other considerations
57
Steel movement types in buildings
Thermal, elastic deformation.
58
Concrete movement types in buildings
Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.
59
Concrete masonry movement types in buildings
Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.
60
Brick masonry movement types in buildings
Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and irreversible moisture.
61
Wood movement types in buildings
Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.
62
Annual temperature range that a component is subjected to
This is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures of the component.
63
Thermal Movement
Generally the most critical movement, because it occurs in all components, particularly those exposed to the exterior climate, such as exterior walls.
64
Moisture movement in steel, copper, and aluminum
These materials are generally dimensionally stable with respect to moisture.
65
Moisture movement in portland cement
Materials with a portland cement base tend to shrink due to moisture loss.
66
Moisture movement in concrete and masonry
Clay masonry units expand on absorption of water or water vapor. This expansion is irreversible.
67
Moisture movement in wood
Wood shrinks and swells, depending on the ambient air's humidity and temperature, changing in dimensions.
68
Material with the highest coefficient of thermal expansion
Plastics
69
Creep Deflection
Time-dependent additional deflection of the beam is known as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
70
Creep
When a material moves or deforms slowly over time due to mechanical stresses; may or may not lead to failure.
71
Elastic Deformation
Building components are designed to remain elastic under loads. Also known as instantaneous deformation. These are routinely determined for all types of structures and are a part of the structural calculations.
72
Joint detailing of an expansion joint
The filler of the joint must be elastomeric to allow for unrestrained movement of the components.
73
Joint detailing of a control joint
This filler can be elastomeric or nonelastomeric. The detailing must allow for unrestrained shrinkage of the components.
74
Difference between expansion joint and control joint
Control joints occur in concrete masonry or masonry walls. Expansion joints are provided in almost all components because temperature-induced movement is universal.
75
Purpose of sealing a joint
Primary reason: to prevent water penetration. Control of air leakage, dust penetration, and noise transmission are additional benefits.
76
In addition to joint sealants, what other components are important to a sealed joint?
- Substrate - Primer - Sealant Backup - Bond Breaker
77
What is important for sealed joints with regards to the substrate?
The chemical compatibility of the sealant with the substrate material is critical to the adhesion of the sealant.
78
Purpose of a primer in sealed joints
Improve adhesion of the sealant to substrate.
79
Backer rod functions
- Controls depth and shape of sealant - Allows the tooling of the sealant, which gives adhesion between the sealant and substrate - Acts as a temporary joint seal until the sealant is applied
80
Bond Breaker
This is required only if the third surface is hard and unyielding (e.g., concrete, metal, masonry).
81
Three categories of joint sealants
- Preformed Tapes - Caulks - Elastomeric Sealants
82
Types of elastomeric sealants
- Polyisobutylene - Acrylics - Polyurethane - Polysulfide - Silicone
83
What elastomeric sealants are best for minimal movement and are used as caulking materials?
Polyisobutylene and acrylic sealants.
84
What is the most important property of a sealant?
It is its ability to withstand cyclic joint movements. Sealants are classified into three categories: - Low-range - Medium-range - High-range
85
Low-Range Sealants
Have limited movement ability to the order of 5% or less. Included in this category are - Oil-based caulks - Butyl or acrylic caulks
86
Medium-Range Sealants
Have movement range of up to 12.5%.
87
High-Range Sealants
Have movement range larger than 12.5%. Silicone is considered to be in this category and has a movement range of more than 50%.
88
Lapped Joints
Joints that do not need to be sealed because building components overlap. Examples of these joints are: - Joints between exterior wall siding - Joints between roof shingles or tiles - Joints between underlayment felts below shingles
89
Life expectancy in sealants
This refers to the time after which the sealant is first installed that it would need to be reapplied. High-grade sealants have a life expectancy of more than 20 years.
90
Energy Star Labels
Introduced by the EPA to recognize energy-efficient computers, this is an international energy-labeling system that labels home and office appliances, light sources, windows, etc.
91
Certified Wood Label
Carried by wood products that have been produced by manufacturers according to guidelines promulgated by the Forest Stewardship Council.
92
Green Label and Green Label Plus
Mark assigned to the carpet, rug, and cushion materials that have low VOC emissions. Green Label Plus is more stringent.
93
Green Seal Label
A comprehensive, life-cycle environmental evaluation of a product based on EPA and International Standards Organizations standards.
94
Casement Window
This window type may consist of one operable sash. The sash closes on the frame with pressure providing a compression seal. This window is generally less prone to air leakage and can be more energy efficient than single, double, or sliding windows. It can provide 100% ventilation.
95
Sliding Window
This window type consists of one sash that slides horizontally over a fixed sash. It can provide up to 50% ventilation.
96
Awning Window
This window type is similar to a casement window but provides rain protection when partially open. It opens from the bottom and hinges at the top. It can provide 100% ventilation.
97
Hopper Window
This window type is similar to an awning window but opens inward at the top. It can provide 100% ventilation.
98
Pivoting Window
This window type may be pivoted at the center or off-center. It allows for up to 100% ventilation.
99
Double-Hung Window
This window type consists of two sashes, both of which can slide up and down. The maximum ventilation provided is 50%.
100
Single-Hung Window
This window type consists of one sash that can slide vertically over a fixed lite. It can provide up to 50% ventilation.
101
Fixed Window
Generally does not have a sash because the glass is held directly by the window frame. There is 0% ventilation.
102
Triple Hung Window
This window type consists of three sashes, all of which can slide up and down. It provides ventilation both from the top and bottom.
103
Picture Window
This is a fixed window that has a width larger than height to provide a panoramic view.
104
Five materials used in contemporary windows
- Wood - Aluminum - Steel - Vinyl - Fiberglass
105
Advantages of wood windows
This is one of the oldest window materials. It has a high R-value and its warmth and beauty make it desirable. They are generally used in high-end homes and offices.
106
Advantages of aluminum windows
This is the most common window material. It is not subject to moisture shrinkage and swelling. They require very little maintenance. They have a lot of flexibility and malleability and can be extruded into complex cross sections.
107
Advantages of vinyl and fiberglass windows
These windows require no painting and are available in a variety of non-fading colors. They are maintenance-free because the material doesn't corrode or degrade.
108
Advantages of steel windows
These windows are strong and frame members can be narrower than those of other materials, giving a sleeker appearance.
109
Windows must be tested for:
- Resistance to wind loads - Resistance to water leakage - Resistance to air leakage - Resistance to forced entry
110
Subsill
This is a part of a window that catches incidental water that might leak into the window. It has end dams to prevent its runoff from the ends and also weep holes to let the water drain out.
111
Name the ratings that fire doors come in.
3-hour-, 90-minute-, 60-minute-, 45-minute-, and 20-minute-rated door.
112
What is the purpose of a 20-minute fire-rated door?
This door's purpose is to minimize the transmission of smoke from one side of the door to the other. It is usually required in a 1-hour-rated corridor wall.
113
What are hollow metal doorframes made from?
Sheet steel that is pressed into shape.
114
What are two ways hollow metal doorframes can be installed?
1) Buts against the jambs of a CMU wall 2) Wraps around the jambs of a CMU wall
115
Stile
A vertical sash member.
116
Rail
A horizontal sash member.
117
Muntins
Thin horizontal and vertical dividers, commonly used in early windows when large sheets of glass were not available.
118
Weather Stripping
A strip of resilient material that provides a seal between the sash and the frame to reduce air and water leakage.
119
Glazing Stop
A feature that holds the glass against the rabbet in the sash or frame.
120
Rabbet
A step in a sash or frame cross section against which the glass is held.
121
Gasket
A strip of resilient material between the glass and the glazing pocket.
122
Daylight Opening
Visible glass area in a window.
123
Window Hardware
Hinges, latches, locks, levers, and so on.
124
Stool
A horizontal trim member that abuts against the windowsill and covers the rough sill.
125
Jamb Extension
A horizontal or vertical trim that covers the rough head and jamb and extends the depth of window frame.
126
Apron
The trim installed on the wall under the stool.
127
Casing
Decorative members that cover the joints between adjacent materials.
128
Rough Opening
The opening within which the window is placed.
129
Punched Window
A window with an opaque wall around it.
130
Strip Windows and Glazing
An array of windows placed side by side to form a horizontal strip window system.
131
Window Wall and Glass Curtain Wall
A wall in which the windows extend from floor to roof or from floor to floor, called a window wall.
132
Projected Window
Includes windows whose sashes project out of the window plane when open, such as casement, awning, hopper, and pivoted windows.
133
Nailing Flange
Some manufacturers provide windows with this. It runs continuously over the outside of a window frame and functions as a flashing. It provides a means of anchoring the window-to-wall opening.
134
What are the two most important components of a window?
1) Window frame 2) Window sash
135
Alclad
This material contains an aluminum alloy core that is metallurgically bonded to pure aluminum on the surface. It is a more expensive process than anodizing and is commonly used in aircrafts.
136
What are two types of paint finishes for aluminum?
1) Baked-enamel coating 2) Fluoropolymer coating
137
PVDF Finish
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin; strong and durable and is primarily suited for exterior applications. A wide range of colors, including exotic colors are available. It comes with two types of durability ratings: 5 year and 10 year.
138
What are three commonly used glass-aluminum wall systems?
1) Glass-aluminum curtain walls 2) Punched and strip glazing systems 3) Storefront systems
139
What are the five categories glass curtain wall systems are divided into?
1) Stick-built systems 2) Unitized systems 3) Unit and mullion systems 4) Panel systems 5) Column cover and spandrel systems
140
What are two types of mullion spans generally used in stick-built glass curtain walls?
1) Single-span mullion systems: each mullion extends only over one floor. 2) Twin-span mullion systems: the mullions extend over two floors.
141
A stick-built glass curtain wall is anchored to the structure through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mullions.
142
Purpose of exterior and interior gaskets on a curtain wall
This prevents water from leaking through the wall. Curtain walls have accommodations for the drainage of water if it penetrates beyond gaskets.
143
Most important requirement for a curtain wall
The most important requirement is its ability to resist lateral loads, specifically wind loads, including missile-impact resistance in hurricane-prone areas.
144
Important design criteria for a curtain wall
- Air-infiltration control - Rainwater- and meltwater-penetration control - U-value - Solar heat gain - Condensation resistance - Vapor diffusion - Acoustical transmission - Hurricane resistance - Seismic resistance - Thermal and structural movement - Glass-cleaning equipment load
145
Minimum requirements for treads and risers
Minimum tread width: 11" Riser height: 4–7"
146
Most commonly used stair shape
U-shape stair. Two flights of stairs between floors with a mid-floor landing.
147
Circular Stair
This stairwell may consist of all winders and can take many shapes. A spiral stair is a special type within this category, where the treads twist around a column and are cantilevered from it. The building code has severe restrictions on the use of spiral stairs.
148
Head Room
Minimum clearance between a tread and a projection above. Building codes generally require the head room to be a minimum of 80" at any point on the stair.
149
Guard Unit
This protects the edge of a stair, which is exposed. It is required by code and has a minimum height of 42". The clear distance between openings is 4" diameter.
150
Nosing projections
Less than 1 1/4".
151
Handgrip requirements for handrail
Circular cross section between 1 1/4" and 2 5/8"; noncircular profiles must provide equivalent graspability.
152
Stair width design criteria
This is a function of occupant load but not less than 48" for enclosed stairs, 44" for open exit stairs, or 36" for a stair serving an occupant load of less than 50 or a residential stair.
153
Equation for determining riser and tread dimensions in a stair
2R + T = 24" to 25".
154
The rise of one flight of stairs is usually limited to \_\_\_\_.
12' per code.
155
Most important part of a wood stair
Carriages: structural elements of a stair that are specially cut to support the treads.
156
Landing Frame
Landing of a steel stair framed with structural steel members as a unit. The frame is supported by suspending it from the upper-level floor beams with hanger bars.
157
Helical Stair
Self-supporting, circular steel stairs can be constructed with or without landings. These are fairly common in steel, concrete, and wood. There is no central column support.
158
Two types of subfloors
1) Concrete subfloor: elevated concrete floors and concrete slabs-on-grade 2) Wood subfloors: wood panels supported by wood light frame or light-gauge steel frame members
159
Slip Resistance
Floor coverings should be resistant to people slipping and falling.
160
Types, amount, and frequency of traffic
Floor coverings should be suitable for the abrasive impact that pedestrian foot traffic will have on it. Foot traffic impact can be measured by the number of crossings per day.
161
Durability and longevity of floor coverings
Should be durable enough to endure any expected use and provide an adequate service life; should be selected to resist staining from liquids, chemicals, and reagents.
162
Flammability of floor coverings
Building codes require resistance to fire propagation for some applications.
163
Sound absorption of floor coverings
Floor coverings that absorb sound can lower the airborne noise level within rooms.
164
Sound isolation of floor coverings
Floor coverings can improve the impact insulation class when building codes mandate minimum sound isolation requirements for floors.
165
Thick set for tiles
Usually requiring 2 to 3-inch-thick mortar beds, this method is necessary where: a) The floor tiles are large in size b) The floor must be sloped to floor drains c) There is excessive variation in the thickness of tiles d) The subfloor has surface irregularities
166
Medium set for tiles
Not officially recognized by the several industry standards, this involves thin-set mortars that can be applied thicker than traditional thin-set mortars.
167
Thin set for tiles
More popular than other methods, this method is used where the tiles are: a) Small in size, less than 12" x 12" b) No slope to floor drains is required c) Tile thickness is relatively uniform d) Subfloor does not have excessive surface irregularities
168
Organic Adhesives
Usually ready-to-use liquid or powdered water-emulsion latex products that cure by evaporation; these adhesives are typically for light-duty installations and for interior use only. They are not suitable for high temperatures.
169
Cement Mortars
Typically for general-duty installations, cement mortars consist of either mixtures of portland cement, sand, water, and water-retentive additives for dry-set cement mortars or a latex polymer additive for modified cement mortars.
170
Water-Cleanable Epoxies
Suitable for heavy-duty installations, for high temperature conditions, or for a specific function, epoxies are composed of an epoxy resin and a hardener.
171
Subfloors should be free of moisture because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Moisture can cause wood to swell and damage floor coverings, and moisture in the subfloor causes water-based adhesives to debond.
172
Terrazzo Flooring
Like concrete, this flooring is mixed with several aggregates and placed, wet and plastic, in its final location.
173
Epoxy Terrazzo
Combining assets of cementitious systems with the dramatic improvements made in epoxy resins, this flooring type is lighter and more flexible than cementitious terrazzo.
174
Precast Terrazzo
This flooring type is formed in a manufacturing plant into a variety of precast shapes, including floor tiles, sloped shower-stall floors, stair treads and risers, and wall base strips.
175
Stringer
The structural member of a stair that supports the treads and risers; also called the carriage.
176
Stair Rise and Run
The rise is the total vertical distance of the stair and is the same as the floor-to-floor height. The run is the total horizontal length of the stairs.
177
Nosing
The part of the tread that extends beyond the face of the riser.
178
Treads and Risers
Treads are the horizontal component of a stair, and risers are the vertical portion.
179
Balusters
In stair design, balusters are the vertical members that support the rails.
180
Open Risers
When the vertical portion of the stair between the treads is open.
181
Ribbon Window
A series of windows set side by side in a long horizontal band.
182
True or false? A freestanding landscape wall does not need a footing below the frostline because it is not in a thermally controlled space.
False. The wall still needs a footing extending below the frostline because the ground around it will freeze and cause heaving.
183
True or false? An interior wall does not need a footing below the frostline because it is in a thermally controlled space.
True. Where the temperature of the soil is not expected to change, footings don't have to extend below the frostline.
184
Doweling (Reinforcing Bar)
A dowel is a solid cylindrical rod, such as a cut section of rebar. Dowels are used as reinforcement in concrete and masonry construction to provide resistance to uplift and lateral forces.
185
Thin Brick
A type of brick veneer that is very thin, similar to tile, that is adhesively bonded to a structural wall.
