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05_PDD > OBJ 2.2 > Flashcards

OBJ 2.2 Flashcards

Determine appropriate documentation of site features (A/E) Architects must also coordinate with civil engineers, landscape architects, and other consultants to verify the documentation of site drainage, utilities, pedestrian and vehicular circulation paths, parking, grading, and other site features and structures. It is critical to ensure site documentation is coordinated with all project disciplines

1
Q

Drip Irrigation

A

Drip irrigation is a low-pressure irrigation system that allows moisture to drip out rather than spray. It saves water by reducing evaporation and runoff.

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2
Q

Slope Stabilization

A

Slopes that are subject to erosion need slope stabilization. Methods of slope stabilization include terracing, vegetation, riprap, gabions, cribbing, retaining walls, bin-walls, and geo-textiles.

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3
Q

Invert

A

The elevation of the bottom or flow line of a pipe.

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4
Q

Drain Tile

A

A perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill for relieving hydrostatic moisture at a foundation wall or in a field. Water runs through the gravel, into the pipe, and away. Also called a French drain.

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5
Q

Detention Pond

A

A naturally low-lying area that is designed to temporarily hold excess rainwater to help prevent flooding.

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6
Q

Catchbasin

A

A receptacle or reservoir that receives surface water runoff or drainage. Typically made of precast concrete, brick, or CMU with a cast-iron frame and grate on top. Water runoff typically connects to a storm sewer.

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7
Q

Soil Boring

A

A hole drilled into the ground to obtain soil samples. Borings are used to determine the load-bearing capacity of the soil and the depth of the water table.

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8
Q

Test Pit

A

A subsurface investigation to determine the nature of the subsoil strata.

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9
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid, such as that of soil moisture, on a building’s foundation.

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10
Q

Compaction

A

Increasing the density of the soil by mechanical means, such as with a sheepsfoot roller. Compaction is part of almost any building or paving project. It increases soil bearing capacity and stability, reduces settling of the soil, and provides resistance to water penetration. Four means: vibration, pressure, impact, and kneading. The results of poor compaction include cracks, leaks, and erosion.

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11
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of water to move through narrow spaces without a force acting on it; also called wicking.

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12
Q

Culvert

A

A tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

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13
Q

Retention Pond

A

Designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely.

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14
Q

Riparian Rights

A

A system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path. It has its origins in English common law. Riparian water rights exist in many jurisdictions with a common law heritage, such as Canada, Australia, and states in the eastern United States.

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15
Q

Aquifer

A

An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well.

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16
Q

Plastic Limit

A

The limit of a soil’s moisture content before it becomes plastic or arrives at a semisolid state. A soil that has a moisture content below the plastic limit is considered a solid.

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17
Q

Sanitary Sewer

A

System of underground pipes that carries wastewater from plumbing fixtures to a septic tank or centralized treatment plant before releasing into surface waters.

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18
Q

Storm Sewer

A

The storm sewer is a system is composed of gutters, drains, and pipes that take storm water runoff and carry it to a river or stream.

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19
Q

Combined Sewer

A

A combined sewer collects sanitary and storm water together in one system. They are no longer used but are found in operation in older cities.

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20
Q

Septic Tank

A

A container for domestic wastewater primary treatment located on-site; often found in rural areas where there is no municipal sewer service.

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21
Q

Leach Field

A

A leach field or septic drain field is part of an on-site sewage facility composed of subsurface pipes that dissipate effluent into the groundwater.

22
Q

Sheet Piles

A

For depths of up to 15’, vertical sheets of steel can be driven into the ground before commencing excavations. These individual sections interlock with one another on both sides. The interlocks form a continuous barrier to retain the earth.

23
Q

Disadvantages of sheet piles

A

Noise and vibration are created in driving them, particularly in stiff soils where the vibratory method is ineffective, and hydraulic hammers must be employed.

24
Q

Benched Excavations

A

Sloped excavation may either be uniformly sloped or stair-stepped. _______ increase slope stability and are easier to compact.

25
Q

Soil Nailing

A

Means strengthening the soil with closely spaced, almost horizontal steel bars that increase the cohesiveness of the soil and prevent the soil from shearing along an inclined plane.

26
Q

Process of Soil Nailing

A
  1. Soil is first excavated 5–7’ deep, depending on the ability of the cut face to remain vertical without supports.
  2. Holes are drilled along the cut face at 3-4’ on centers so that one hole covers approx. 10-15 SF of the cut face.
  3. Threaded steel bars are inserted into the holes. The length of bars is a function of the soil type but is approx. half the final depth of excavation. Bars protrude a few inches out of the holes.
  4. The holes are grouted with concrete.
  5. Welded wire reinforcement is placed over the wall and tied to the protruding bars.
  6. A layer of shotcrete is applied to the mesh.
  7. Plates and washers are inserted in the protruding bars and locked in position with a nut.
  8. A second layer of shotcrete is applied.
  9. Steps are repeated with the next depth of cut.
27
Q

Types of Footings

A
  1. Wall Footings: used for load-bearing wood, masonry, or concrete walls
  2. Isolated Column Footings: used where columns are lightly loaded or bear on soils with a high bearing capacity
  3. Combined Footings: combination of two isolated column footings; used when a column must be placed on a property line or adjacent to an existing building
  4. Mat Footing: all columns and walls of a building bear on one large and thick reinforced concrete slab
  5. Raft or Floating Foundation: type of mat foundation; consists of a hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs
28
Q

Four Major Design Parameters of Footings

A
  1. Spread of footing
  2. Thickness of footing
  3. Depth below grade
  4. Amount and location of steel
29
Q

Settlement of Footings

A

The settlement can be predicted and accounted for in foundation design of footings. In fine-grained soils, part of the settlement is immediate and the remainder occurs over a period of several months.

30
Q

Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil

A

Obtained by dividing its ultimate bearing capacity by a factor of safety.

31
Q

Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations

A

This system has made it possible to use a concrete slab-on-ground foundation in any climate. This system incorporates insulation in the vicinity of the slab foundation and uses the heat escaping from the ground-floor slab of a heated building to keep the foundation perimeter sufficiently warm.

32
Q

Blind-Side Waterproofing

A

Refers to waterproofing applied to the outside of the wall that becomes inaccessible after construction.

33
Q

GWGP

A

Well-graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, little or no finesPoorly graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, little or no fines

34
Q

GMGC

A

Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixturesClayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures

35
Q

SWSP

A

Well-graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no finesPoorly graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines

36
Q

SMSC

A

Silty sands, sand-silt mixturesPoorly graded sands and gravelly sands, little or no fines

37
Q

MLCLOL

A

Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands
Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays and lean clays
Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity

38
Q

MHCHOH

A

Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sands or silts, elastic siltsInorganic clays of high plasticity, fat claysOrganic clays of medium to high plasticity

39
Q

PT

A

Peat, muck, and other highly organic soils.

40
Q

Where are expansive soils found?

A

California, Nevada, Texas, Arizona, and Maryland.

41
Q

Liquid limit of soil

A

A measure of the soil’s plasticity. It indicates the behavior of the soil in the presence of water.

42
Q

Testing for the plastic limit of fine-grained soils

A

This involves taking a prescribed weight of dry sample and mixing it with water until it is almost saturated.

43
Q

Testing for the liquid limit of fine-grained soils

A

This consists of using an apparatus that has a metal cup mounted on a hard rubber base. The motor attached to the cup raises it to a prescribed height and releases it for a free fall on the rubber base.

44
Q

Plastic limit of soil

A

When soil changes from a semidry state to the plastic state.

45
Q

USCS symbols for gravel

A

G: gravel
S: sand
M: silt
C: clay

46
Q

Crystalline bedrock allowable bearing capacity

A

12.0 ksf.

47
Q

Sedimentary and foliated rock bearing capacity

A

4.0 ksf.

48
Q

Soil types GW and GP bearing capacity

A

3.0 ksf.

49
Q

Soil types SW, SP, SM, SC, GM, and GC

A

2.0 ksf.

50
Q

Soil types CL, ML, MH, and CH

A

1.5 ksf.

51
Q

Sump Dewatering

A

This consists of constructing pits within the enclosure of the excavation. Works well in cohesive soils.

52
Q

Sheet piles are generally made of which material?

A

Steel.

05_PDD (17 decks)

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