OBJ 1.5 Flashcards
Determine how to detail the integration of multiple building systems and technologies (U/A) You must also be able to detail and resolve the intersection of roof, curtain wall, cladding, window, floor, structural, interior, and other architectural systems as they come together within a building project.
1
Q
Brick Faces
A
Brick Faces Answers
2
Q
Brick Pattern
A
Brick Pattern Answers
3
Q
Compare and contrast expansion, control, and construction joints.
A
Expansion joints are continuous breaks in a material to accommodate movement due to thermal expansion. Expansion joints can also be called isolation joints. Control joints are breaks in a material that are designed to create a weak spot so when a material, such as a concrete slab, inevitably cracks, the cracking occurs within the control joint. A construction joint describes the joint created when construction stops and starts again at a later date.
4
Q
Through-Wall Flashing
A
Continuous flashing used in water sensitive areas such as windowsills. It extends through the entire wall section to prevent water from entering the main portion of the wall and causing damage.
5
Q
Termination Bar
A
A preformed detailing element that is placed at the vertical end points of various waterproofing, flashing, and barrier systems to provide a watertight connection at the system’s termination.
6
Q
Vapor Barrier
A
Application Methods: mechanically fastened, peel and stick, or fluid applied Water Vapor Permeance: “vapor permeable” types allow water vapor to pass through them, and “vapor impermeable” ones do not; different levels of permeance are determined by standardized testing Continuity: Wrap behind door and window frames and overlap with roofing and waterproofing membrane
7
Q
Lintel
A
A horizontal structural member found above wall openings (e.g., windows, doors) that is used to transfer the load from the wall above away from the opening.
8
Q
Portland Cement
A
Portland cement is a manufactured product and a basic ingredient in concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, and stucco. When mixed with water and sand and allowed to harden, it becomes rock hard.
9
Q
Compare and contrast grout and mortar.
A
Mortar is for bonding; it holds things together, such as the joints between bricks or a bed for tile. Grout is a filler; it is of a thinner consistency that can be poured, for example, into the cavities of masonry walls. Both come in multiple variations for differing purposes.
10
Q
Chamfer
A
A beveled edge formed by cutting away a corner in a construction material. Chamfers are common on concrete corners to prevent the corner from breaking off. Also found on furniture.
11
Q
Construction Joints
A
Horizontal or vertical joints between successive concrete pours.
12
Q
Expansion Joints
A
Joints that allow free movement of adjacent parts due to expansion or contraction of concrete; typically waterproof, watertight, filled with an elastic filler; required at buildings over 200’ long, at joints of building wings, and at additions.
13
Q
Control Joints
A
Joints that allow for shrinkage of large areas, as well as control and induce cracking to occur along the joint.
14
Q
Isolation Joints
A
Joints located at slab on grade, columns, or walls to allow for independent movement.
15
Q
Acid Etching
A
Process of cutting into a surface (concrete, glass, etc.) by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances.
16
Q
Abrasive Blasting (Sandblasting)
A
Process of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material against a surface under high pressure to smooth, etch, or clean it.
17
Q
Bush Hammering
A
Process of creating a rough, pockmarked texture on concrete or stone that resembles naturally weathered rock.
18
Q
Honing
A
Process of sanding/polishing for a matte or slightly reflective surface.
19
Q
Lamella
A
A thin finished top layer of an engineered wooden floor.
20
Q
Anodizing
A
Process of coating aluminum with a protective oxide layer by an electrolytic process.
21
Q
Galvanizing
A
Coating iron or steel with a protective layer of zinc by immersing it in a molten bath.Purpose of Galvanizing: when metal is going to be used in an environment where corrosion is likely, it is often galvanized so that it will be able to withstand the conditions.
22
Q
Galvanic Corrosion
A
An electrochemical process where one metal corrodes preferentially to another when they both are in electrical contact and immersed in an electrolyte (which is a liquid or gel that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis).
23
Q
Monel
A
Metal used for roofing, flashing, countertops, and sinks.
24
Q
Bessemer Process
A
Steelmaking procedure where carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from iron to make steel.
25
Ferrous Alloy
Alloys that contain a lot of iron (e.g., stainless steel, galvanized iron).
26
Nonferrous Alloys
Nonferrous alloys that do not contain much iron (e.g., aluminum, copper, zinc).
27
Efflorescence
Efflorescence consists of one or more water-soluble salts that were originally present in the masonry unit or in the mortar. Efflorescence is brought to the surface and deposited there by water that seeped into the masonry, dissolved the salts, then migrated to the surface and evaporated.
28
Adhered Masonry Veneer
Veneer secured and supported through the adhesion of an approved bonding material applied to an approved backing.
29
Allowable Stress Design
A method of proportioning structural members, such that elastically computed stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed specified allowable stresses (also called "working stress design").
30
Audible Alarm Notification Appliance
A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing.
31
Bond Beam
A horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is embedded.
32
Certificate of Compliance
A certificate stating that materials and products meet specified standards or that work was done in compliance with approved construction documents.
33
Head Joint
Vertical mortar joint placed between masonry units within the wythe at the time the masonry units are laid.
34
Micropile
A micropile is a bored, grouted-into-place deep foundation element that develops its load-carrying capacity by means of a bond zone in soil, bedrock, or a combination of soil and bedrock.
35
Sallyport
A security vestibule with two or more doors or gates whose intended purpose is to prevent continuous and unobstructed passage by allowing the release of only one door or gate at a time.
36
Slip Resistant
A rough finish that is not abrasive to the bare foot.
37
Subdiaphragm
A portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
38
Tactile Sign
Sign containing raised characters and/or symbols and accompanying Braille.
39
Tactile
An object that can be perceived using the sense of touch.
40
Tie-Down (Hold Down)
A device used to resist uplift of the chords of shear walls.
41
Smoke Barrier
A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.
42
Self-Closing
As applied to a fire door or other opening protective, it means being equipped with a device that will ensure door closure after it has been opened.
43
Ashlar Masonry
Masonry composed of various-sized rectangular units having sawed, dressed, or squared bed surfaces, properly bonded and laid in mortar.
44
Coursed Ashlar
Ashlar masonry is laid in courses of stone of equal height for each course, although different courses shall be permitted to be of varying height.
45
Glass Unit Masonry
Masonry composed of glass units bonded by mortar.
46
Plain Masonry
Masonry in which the tensile resistance of the masonry is taken into consideration and the effects of stresses in reinforcement are neglected.
47
Grade SW
Grade for building bricks: Severe Weathering (Oregon, most of the eastern half of the U.S.).
48
Grade MW
Grade for building bricks: Moderate Weathering (Midwest, most of Washington).
49
Grade NW
Grade for building bricks: Negligible Weathering (along southern U.S. border)
50
Type FBX
Grade for Facing Bricks: high degree of perfection, narrow color range, slight size variation.
51
Type FBS
Grade for Facing Bricks: wide range of color and greater size variation per unit.
52
Type FBA
Grade for Facing Bricks: Nonuniformity in size, color, and texture per unit.
53
Running Bond
Entire row of stretchers.
54
English Bond
Alternate course of headers and stretchers.
55
Common Bond
Header course every sixth course; head joints are aligned between header and stretcher courses.
56
Flemish Bond
Alternates headers and stretchers in each course.
57
Visible Transmittance
VT is the ratio of visible light entering the space through the fenestration assembly to the incident visible light. This includes the effects of glazing material and frame and is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 is no light transmittance and 1 is 100%.
58
Thermal Transmittance (U)
Coefficient of heat transmission (air to air) through a building component or assembly, equal to the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature difference between the warm side and cold side air films. It is the inverse of R.
59
Thermal Conductance (C)
The time rate of heat flow through a unit area of a given material in terms of the unit temperature difference between two surfaces.
60
Thermal Resistance (R)
The reciprocal of thermal conductance, equal to the sum of the weighted R-values for each layer in the component, such as air films, thermal insulation, framing, and glazing.
61
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestration assembly to the incident solar radiation. This coefficient includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbs solar radiation that is reradiated, conducted, or convected into the space.
62
Bargeboard
The board on a gable end of a roof.
63
What are the actual dimensions of the following nominal lumber sizes? 1", 2", 3", 4", 5", 6", 8", 10", and 12".
1" = 3/4" 2" = 1 1/2" 3" = 2 1/2" 4" = 3 1/2" 5" = 4 1/2" 6" = 5 1/2" 8" = 7 1/4" 10" = 9 1/4" 12" = 11 1/4"
64
5/4 Lumber
Lumber that is 1.25" thick; often used for decking.
65
Haptic
Relating to the sense of touch.
66
Hearth
The area in front of the fireplace that protects the floor from sparks.
67
Flue
The path for smoke to travel up the chimney.
68
Smoke Shelf
Causes downdrafts in a fireplace to deflect back up.
69
Damper
Regulates airflow and prevents downdraft in a fireplace.
70
Unit Kitchen
Compact all-in-one kitchen unit that contains refrigeration, a sink, and a cooktop.
71
Integrated Appliances
When the appliances are finished with the cabinetry to become indistinguishable.
72
Types of Cabinets
Base, wall, and tall; framed or frameless; flush inset, flush overlay, reveal overlay, and lipped overlay.
73
Types of Kitchens
U-shaped, L-shaped, galley, island, peninsula, and straight-line.
74
Stock Cabinets
Come in width increments of 3". For example, 12", 15", 18", 21", 24", 27", 30", 33", and 36".
75
Sink Base
A type of cabinet that is built to have a sink placed in it.
76
Veneer Matching
Bookmatch, slipmatch, and random.
77
Casework
The name given to cabinets in architectural drawings and specifications.
78
Toe Kick
A space under cabinets designed to allow for use of the countertops without stubbing toes or leaning over.
79
Melamine
A type of thermosetting plastic commonly used as a veneer laminate for shelving and casework.
80
True or false? Factory finishes tend to be nicer than site finishes.
True
81
Polyurethane
A topcoat of liquid plastic applied to wood as a finish; durable and hardworking for floors and tabletops; can be either oil-based or water-based.
82
Lacquer
A clean or colored finish that is usually sprayed on. It can be scratched easily but is otherwise resistant to damage; any blemishes that occur to lacquer are easily fixed.
83
Shellac
A type of clear or colored finish for wood that is made from the secretions of the lac bug, which secretes lac to create a shell. The lac secretions are mixed with alcohol to dissolve and form a working solution. Adds a warm tone to the product being finished. Has been around for a long time.
84
Varnish
A type of clear, hard, topcoat finish for wood that is easy to apply and takes longer to dry than polyurethane. Not as durable as polyurethane.
85
Stain
Changes the color of wood without covering the grain; does not offer much protection, so a topcoat should be applied.
86
Powdercoat
A durable coating of dry powder that is applied electrostatically and has no solvent like other coatings.
87
Terracotta
From the Latin “baked earth,” terracotta is a fired, porous clay that can be unglazed or glazed, and is used in pottery and as a building material. Historically terracotta in architecture has been used in tiles and decorative elements; in contemporary architecture, it is used in sunshading and in rain screens. Desired for its malleability and lightness, any detailing must be done carefully due to the inherent porous nature of the material.
88
Countertop corners in high traffic areas can be specified to have _____ or _____ corners.
Rounded, clipped.
89
Cornerguard
Metal, plastic, or wood angles to cover and protect gypsum board corners in high-use areas such as corridors in heath-care and senior living facilities.
90
Gunnite
A concrete mixture that is pumped through a hose and sprayed over reinforcing to desired thickness; also called shotcrete.
91
Heat of Hydration
The heat generated by the process of hydration, as during the setting and curing of concrete.
92
Hydration
The process by which a substance combines chemically with water, as that which occurs when cement mixes with water.
93
Broom Finish
A concrete finish that is striated and obtained by stroking a broom or stiff brush over a freshly troweled concrete surface.
94
Float Finish
A fine-textured finish obtained by smoothing a fresh concrete or plaster surface with a wood float.
95
Swirl Finish
A textured finish given to a fresh plaster or concrete surface by troweling with an overlapping circular motion.
96
Trowel Finish
A dense, smooth finish obtained by working a fresh concrete or plaster surface with a steel trowel.
97
Béton Brut
Concrete left in its natural state after the formwork is removed, especially when the concrete surface reflects the texture, joints, and fasteners of a board form.
98
Screed
A wood or metal straight edge drawn over a newly placed concrete slab to make it level.
99
Exposed Aggregate
A decorative finish produced by sandblasting, etching, or scrubbing a concrete surface to remove the outer layer of cement paste and expose the aggregates.
100
Keyway
A longitudinal groove or channel formed in a concrete footing or other member that has set, providing a shear-resisting key for newly placed concrete at a construction joint.
101
Void Form
One of multiple products that is used to create a void under concrete, thereby isolating the concrete from expansive soils.
102
Sonotube
Trademark for a brand of a cylindrical column form made of compressed resin impregnated paper.
103
Furring
Furring or furring strips are wood or metal strips that are attached to a wall or other surface to provide a structure for attaching a finish material such as gypsum board. It is used to level and resurface or to provide a cavity for insulation or piping.
104
Reglet
A thin strip, often a metal channel, that adjoins panels or provides a reveal molding. It can also be a recess in a masonry wall where the top end of counterflashing is inserted.
105
Matrix
In terrazzo construction, the matrix refers to the binder, either cement or epoxy resin.
106
Chair Rail
A wood molding that runs horizontally around a room 24" or higher above the floor; provides wall protection.
107
Wainscot
Wood paneling that lines the lower part of a room.
108
Router
In woodworking, a router is a tool to hollow or "rout" out a piece of wood or plastic with a bit. A router can make holes, grooves, and contours and is used in making cabinetry and furniture.
109
Dado
In joinery, a dado is a rectangular groove or slot cut into a material such as wood or plastic. Kinds include stopped, through, blind, rabbeted, and double.
110
Scarf Joint
A type of joint used in woodworking that connects two pieces of wood end-to-end, where the ends are cut with steep opposing angles and adhered to each other. It is not a strong joint, so it is mostly used for decorative molding.
111
Finger Joint
A type of joint used in woodworking that connects two pieces of wood at a 90° angle where the ends are cut with complementary rectangular cuts that are then fitted and adhered to each other. It is called a finger joint because it looks like a person’s interlocked fingers. It is often used at corners of drawers.
112
Tenon and Mortise
A type of joint used in woodworking that connects two pieces by a mortise (hole) and tenon (tongue or stub). It is a simple and strong connection.
113
Birdsmouth
The notch cut in a roof rafter that is used to connect to and transfer load to the top plate of the wall.
114
Ledger
A structural board that is mounted to a vertical frame or surface. For example, ledger boards are used to attach decks to houses.
115
Corner Bead
A drywall accessory to provide shape to, protect, and reinforce outside corners of walls; composed of paper and thin galvanized metal or plastic.
116
Dovetail Joint
A type of joint used in woodworking that connects two pieces of wood at a 90° angle where the ends are cut with complementary trapezoidal cuts that are then fitted and adhered to each other. It is called a dovetail because the trapezoidal cuts resemble the tail of a dove. It is a strong joint often used in box construction such as drawers.
117
Countersink
To countersink means to enlarge the upper part of a drilled hole so that the head of the screw or bolt will lie flush with or below the surface.
118
Carpet Fibers
Wool, nylon, acrylic, polypropylene (olefin), and polyester.
119
Pile Density
Refers to the quantity of pile yarn used and closeness of the weave.
120
Level Loop
Each loop is the same height.
121
Textured or Multi-Level Loop
Loops are inserted into the backing with different heights for dimensional effect.
122
Crazing
Numerous hairline cracks with a shatter appearance in a surface, such as concrete, plaster, ceramic, paints, and other coatings.
123
Figure (Wood)
Figure is the word used to describe the appearance of wood due to its grain, cut, and properties including species and growing pattern. Cathedral, burl, and bird's eye are examples of different figure markings in wood.
124
Joint Compound
Used with joint tape to finish joints in drywall construction; also called mud.
125
Joint Tape
Used over joints in drywall construction to provide a smooth surface.
126
Sapwood vs. Heartwood
Heartwood is the dead, innermost part of a tree and is usually darker in color. Sapwood is the living, outermost part of a tree and is usually paler in color.
127
Softwood vs. Hardwood
Softwoods are from coniferous trees, and hardwoods are from hardwood trees. This is a biological distinction, not a structural one. For example, Balsa is a hardwood and Douglas Fir is a softwood.
128
Wood Defects
Cupping, warping, bowing, crooking, pitch pockets, checks, wanes, knots, and shakes.
129
Thin-Set Tile
A thin-set installation uses adhesive mortar typically no more than 3/16" thick to attach tile to a substrate.
130
Thick-Set Tile
A thick-set or mud-set tile installation consists of finish tiles set over a thick mortar bed that allows the substrate to be uneven or sloped.
131
Mastic
Heavy, paste-like material usually applied with a trowel and used as a bonding agent.
132
Lippage
The variation of heights between adjacent tiles.
133
Backbutter
Applying mortar to the back of a tile or brick before setting to help ensure a proper bond.
134
Mil
One one-thousandth of an inch.
135
Perm
A unit of water vapor transmission.
136
FRP
Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) is colloquially called "orange peel." Affordable, durable wall covering used in kitchens, restrooms and more.
137
Housewrap
Any synthetic sheathing paper product that performs as a weather barrier.
138
Superwindow
A highly insulated window that is popular in energy efficient design.
139
Tolerance
The allowed deviation from the ideal; varies by material; must be considered when detailing.
140
Piano Hinge
A continuous hinge that is the same length as the material being hinged.
141
Quarry Tile
Low absorbing tile used in commercial kitchens.
142
Vitrification
A process that makes a ceramic material glass-like.
143
True or false? Exposing structural and mechanical always saves money.
False. Mechanical and structural work that will be left exposed must be installed and finished to a higher degree and, therefore, costs more than mechanical and structural systems that are not exposed.
144
Nail Popping and Screw Popping
In drywall or plaster walls, popping occurs when nailheads pop back out, displacing the compound. Could indicate settling. Screws pop less than nails.
145
Self-Furring Lath
Dimpled lath that holds itself away from the surface it is attached to. This allows a plaster or stucco finish to be interlocked, or keyed, with it.
146
Traditional Lath
Traditional lath in older homes was thin, wood strips nailed to the framing. The plaster was keyed in the small spaces left in-between.
147
True or false? Plaster can either be machine-applied or hand-applied.
True
148
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gasses that can be emitted from many building materials including paint, adhesives, and varnish. VOCs are common indoor air pollutants and their emissions can have negative effects on the health of building occupants.
149
Indoor finishes that can be significant contributors to indoor air quality problems
Glues and binders in wood products, floor leveling compounds, carpets and backings, flooring adhesives, treatments applied to carpets and fabrics, wall covering adhesives, vinyl of all kinds, joint compounds, paint, varnish, stain, and other coatings.
150
Filler Strip
When installing modular cabinets, filler strips are installed to make up the difference between the side of a cabinet and the side wall. Filler strips also allow room for a cabinet door with protruding hardware to open the full 90°.
151
Finished End
When specifying modular cabinets, those that do not abut another cabinet or a wall on the side need a "finished end."
152
Weather Stripping
Seals joints and cracks in doors and windows, limiting air infiltration.
153
Backer Rod
Flexible foam rods that are used to "back up" caulk in construction joints.
154
Positive Drainage
Means that water drains away; used when talking about low-slope roofs and water draining away from a structure.
155
EIFS
An exterior insulation finish system (EIFS; pronounced ee-fiss) is an exterior cladding system composed of rigid insulation board over a substrate and finished with a coating that resembles stucco.
156
Negative Side Waterproofing
The interior of a foundation wall, whereby water can enter the wall and not pass through it.
157
Positive Side Waterproofing
The exterior of a foundation wall, whereby water is blocked from entering the wall.
158
What helps minimize the effects of efflorescence in façades?
Installation of a waterproof membrane will help reduce this phenomenon, where salt and minerals migrate to the exterior finish material.
159
Issue with too much water in concrete
Makes it easier to work, but causes excessive water, which manifests in cracking, leakage, and absorption. The water is trapped in the concrete and has to go somewhere, so it typically escapes to the interior of the building.
160
Issue with water and a water-based flooring adhesive
This will result in floor material lifting.
161
Two waterproofing methods
1. Water Seal: monolithic; prevents any water from entering 2. Water Management: examples include pitched roof and drainage rock at foundation
162
Below-grade waterproofing strategies
1. Membrane: coatings, oil-based, or sprayed 2. Water Management: damp proofing aided by foundation perimeter drainage
163
Sheet membrane application techniques
Applied fully bonded or unbonded.
164
To form a monolithic membrane, sheet membranes must be _________ and bonded to each other by ______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
1) overlapped 2) adhesive 3) heat welding
165
Advantages of sheet membranes
- Arrive to jobsite with uniform thickness, strength, and quality - Immediate setting - Good insulating properties - Low risk of failure if installed properly
166
Limitations of sheet membranes
- Failures due to installation error rather than product - Overlaps, seams, and penetrations can be source of water entry - Poor exposure resistance and temperature stability - Cannot conform to irregular surfaces
167
Types of liquid membranes
- Hot liquid asphalt or cold asphaltic compounds - Two component polyurethane - Water-based epoxy - Polyester resin with fiberglass mat - Flexible epoxy resin - Bitumen latex - Acrylic copolymer cement - Latex-based single component
168
Advantages of liquid membranes
- Simple and fast installation - Ease of installation on walls and floors - Applied to irregular surfaces - Seamless - Semiflexible - UV-Resistant and Economical - Ability to Breathe
169
Limitations of liquid membranes
- Needs to dry or cure prior to water test - Longer turnaround time - Must meet minimum application thickness - Must ensure void free application - Overlaps, seams, and penetration details can be sources of water entry
170
Trowel-Applied Membrane
Cement-based membrane in a two-part mix. Fabric is required at changes from horizontal to vertical, joints and drains.
171
Thermal properties of air spaces and air films
Air spaces and air films have thermal insulating properties and can contribute significantly to the insulating capabilities of some materials.
172
U-factor is a ______ (sensible/latent) heat property.
Sensible. U-factor does not address moisture related heat flow.
173
True or false? The first few inches of insulation are much more effective than the last few.
True. This is also called the law of diminishing returns of insulation.
