OBJ 1.4 Flashcards
Integrate specialty systems such as acoustics, lighting, fire suppression, conveying, security, and communications to meet project goals (U/A) You will need to be able to identify, develop, and integrate individual specialty system components based on system type, system requirements, programmatic requirements, and other factors.
1
Q
Wire Glass
A
Wire glass is glass that has a wire mesh embedded in it. It has fire protection qualities but is a concern for safety because of lack of impact resistance.
2
Q
Type X
A
Fire-resistant gypsum board.
3
Q
Duct Liner
A
Fiberglass lining installed within a mechanical duct or wrapped around its exterior. Duct liners provide thermal insulation and serve as acoustical provisions to reduce noise transmitted along the duct.
4
Q
Mechanical Plenum
A
A pressurized space—typically located between the structural slab and the dropped ceiling, or within a raised floor system—through which air can be supplied or returned.
5
Q
Step-Down Transformer
A
A device that converts electrical power from a higher voltage to a lower voltage. Step-down transformers are often used to convert electricity from the main power grid to power typically used in buildings.
6
Q
Sidewall Sprinkler
A
A sprinkler head mounted on a wall that is designed to discharge most of its water away from the wall, with a small portion of the discharge directed at the wall behind the sprinkler; typically used when ceiling material does not facilitate use of ceiling mounted heads.
7
Q
Fall Protection System
A
A planned system used to protect workers from death or potential injury in the event that they lose their balance while performing a task at a height. Examples of fall protection are permanent or temporary guardrails or rooftop anchor and tether systems.
8
Q
Cantilevered Elevator
A
Elevator where a side opening is required in addition to a front opening. The rails and bracket supporting the cab are located on one wall of the hoistway (cantilevering the elevator cab) to ensure that doors can be on the side and front.
9
Q
Security Camera Types
A
Fixed: remains focused on a specified area
PTZ (Pan/Tilt/Zoom): can be controlled remotely and adjusted to focus on different areas as needed
10
Q
VoIP
A
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is technology that allows the use of the internet to transmit telephone calls instead of traditional telephone lines.
11
Q
Emergency Lighting—Means of Egress
A
Emergency lighting is required for means of egress and shall be not less than an average of 1 fc or minimum of 0.1 fc at any one point along the floor. See IBC 1008.3.5.
12
Q
IES
A
The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) is a nonprofit scholarly organization with the mission of improving the lighted environment.
13
Q
Fire Sprinkler Escutcheon
A
Cover plates used to conceal fire sprinkler heads.
14
Q
Wiremold Raceway
A
Housing to run electrical, communication, and A/V cables and wires on surfaces of walls, ceilings, and floor; typically used in retrofit applications where it is too expensive or dangerous to cut into existing conditions.
15
Q
Automatic Dry Standpipe
A
A dry standpipe system, normally filled with pressurized air, is arranged through the use of a device, such as a dry pipe valve, to admit water into the system, piping automatically upon the opening of a hose valve. The water supply for an automatic dry standpipe system shall be capable of supplying the system demand.
16
Q
Wet Standpipe
A
A wet standpipe system is equipped with a water supply that is capable of supplying the system demand automatically.
17
Q
Manual Dry Standpipe
A
A dry standpipe system does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system. Manual dry standpipe systems require water from a fire department pumper to be pumped into the system through the fire department connection in order to meet the system demand.
18
Q
Semiautomatic Dry Standpipe
A
A dry standpipe system is arranged through the use of a device, such as a deluge valve, to admit water into the system, piping upon activation of a remote-control device located at a hose connection. A remote control activation device shall be provided at each hose connection. The water supply for a semiautomatic dry standpipe system shall be capable of supplying the system demand.
19
Q
Manual Wet Standpipe
A
A wet standpipe system is connected to a water supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the system, but does not have a water supply capable of delivering the system demand attached to the system. Manual-wet standpipe systems require water from a fire department pumper (or the like) to be pumped into the system in order to meet system demand.
20
Q
Sound Attenuation Insulation
A
Usually a type of batt insulation, sound attenuation insulation is placed within walls to dampen sound transmission between adjacent spaces.
21
Q
Reverberation
A
The collection of reflected sounds in an enclosed space. Reverberation is desirable in auditoriums to overcome the rapid drop-off in sound intensity in a large space. Too much reverberation, however, causes sounds to be garbled.
22
Q
Anechoic Chamber
A
A room that is designed to be echo-free by completely absorbing all reverberant sounds.
23
Q
Knox Box
A
A small locked box that holds keys for emergency personnel, like the fire department, so that they can enter a property in an emergency situation.
24
Q
Efficacy
A
Lumen output per watt input. In other words, it is the ratio of luminous flux per unit of power expressed in lumens per watt. It is a measure of energy efficiency.
25
Tungsten Halogen Lamps
A lamp that uses a small, gas-filled, quartz tube that must be used with a reflector. It is manufactured with different terminations to suit the fixture reflector or secondary lamp enclosure, which it is held in. It is a type of incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture gas and halogen.
26
Decibel levels
1. Comfortable Range: threshold of hearing is 0 dB; watch ticking is 20 dB; bird singing is 40 dB; toilet flushing is 60 dB
2. Annoying Range: table saw is 80 dB
3. Extremely Loud Range: chain saw is 100 dB; emergency vehicle siren is 110 dB
4. Painful Range: jet engine is 120dB
5. Intolerable Range: gunshot is 140 dB
27
Resilient Channel
A resilient channel is a type of metal furring channel that is designed to limit sound transmission through a wall or ceiling. The channels isolate the drywall, weakening the sound waves.
28
Ballast (in Lighting)
Starts the lamp, controls the voltage to a light fixture, and helps with other functions such as dimming; required in fluorescent, neon, HID , and other gas discharge lamps.
29
Luminance
The luminous intensity of light leaving a surface in a given direction; takes into account reflectance; measured in candelas per unit of area or footlamberts.
30
Illuminance
The intensity of light arriving upon a surface; measured in lumens per unit of area (lux) or foot-candles.
31
Sunlight
A point source of illumination producing 6,000 to 10,000+ foot-candles (fc) in direct sunlight and 500 to 2,000 fc in overcast and clear sky conditions.
32
Brightness
The subjective experience of luminance; depends on luminance and adaptation.
33
Lumen
Used to describe the brightness of lamps. A Lumen is a unit of luminous flux, equal to the amount of light emitted per second in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform source of one candela.
34
Candela
The base unit of luminous intensity. It is a measure of output.
35
Glare
Extreme contrasts in light that cause annoyance or loss of visual performance.
36
Foot-Candle
One foot-candle is the illuminance cast on a surface from a one-candela source one foot away.
37
LED
A light emitting diode (LED) produces light by passing current through a semiconductor material.
38
Luminous Flux
Amount of light flowing through a theoretical surface called flux that is 12" x 12" square and is 12" from the light source. Luminous flux is measured in lumens. A light source that emits one candela in all directions has 12.57 units of luminous flux (lumens), which is equal to 4π.
39
Reflectance
The ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux.
40
Fovea
In the eye, the fovea is a small collection of closely packed photoreceptor cells located in a small pit on the surface of the retina opposite the iris. It constitutes the center of vision where acuity and color discrimination are the greatest.
41
Parafovea
In the eye, the parafovea is the larger part of the retinal wall that is not the fovea. It is mostly composed of rod cells.
42
Specular Reflection
When the angle of incidence is equal to the specular angle, such as that when light is reflected off a mirror or highly reflective surface.
43
Diffuse Reflection
When the incident light is reflected over a range of angles.
44
Sabin
A unit of sound absorption. 1 SF of 100% sound absorbing material has a value of 1 imperial sabin.
45
Autoclave
Equipment sterilizers used in medical facilities that work like pressure cookers.
46
Occupancy Sensors
Lighting control systems that sense motion. Can be infrared or ultrasonic. If no movement is sensed after a period of time, the lights are turned off, saving energy.
47
Photometry
The science of the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes; considers light levels and distribution.
48
Photocell
A device that alters the level of light output of a luminaire based on response to ambient light.
49
Task Lighting
Light directed to a particular area or work surface. Lower levels of general lighting are possible when task lighting is used.
50
Wall Pack
Cost-effective luminaires mounted to exterior walls that provide area lighting.
51
Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor
A factor used in lighting design to predict the depreciation in output of light from a luminaire over time due to the lamp aging.
52
Light Loss Factor
Multipliers that are used to calculate lighting performance at various stages during the life of a lighting system; includes lamp lumen depreciation (LLD), luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD), and ballast factor (BF).
53
Ballast Factor
A light loss factor applied to the initial illuminance due to the ballast.
54
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor
A light loss factor due to dirt and dust accumulating on the fixture over time.
55
Cosine Effect
When the light from a source is reduced as the observer is located away from being directly in front of the source.
56
Luminaire
A complete lighting unit including the fixture, ballast, and lamp (includes the bulb and housing).
57
Luminaire Efficiency
The ratio of luminous flux to power required; expressed as a percentage.
58
Infrared Radiation
A type of electromagnetic radiation located just below (longer wavelength) red light in the spectrum. The source for infrared radiation is heat, and infrared detection can be used in occupancy sensors. Infrared also produces warmth from a heat lamp, such as those used for food warming and patio lamps.
59
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiation released from stars including the sun; travels in waves of varying wavelengths.
60
Visible Light
A narrow slice of the electromagnetic spectrum located between infrared and ultraviolet waves; includes energy that is visible to the human eye as light.
61
Are red light wavelengths longer or shorter than purple?
Longer.
62
There are more shades of the color _____ than any other color. Why?
Green. This is because the cones in your eyes are most sensitive to green.
63
What is color blindness?
A decreased ability to see color, usually genetic. Color blindness is usually of the red-green type, meaning these colors appear similar to each other as a subdued shade and are hard to distinguish. It also means greens and reds in other colors are harder to see; for example, purple looks blue because the red part is not perceived. Men are much more likely to be color-blind than women because they only have one X chromosome where the gene is carried, making it more likely that the deficiency cannot be overcome. It is rare for a human to not be able to see any color at all.
64
Floodlight
High output lights with a broad beam spread to light a large area such as a football field.
65
Cove Light
Directs light, usually linear, toward the ceiling to offer diffuse illumination.
66
Wall Wash
Wall wash fixtures focus light on wall surfaces, providing indirect light. They produce an even light with few shadows and, because of this, can make a room feel bigger. A wall wash light can also be a cove light.
67
High Bay
High output lighting to be used when uniform lighting is required in a space with a high ceiling such as a warehouse or big-box store.
68
Baffle Trim
In recessed can lighting, a baffle is a piece of grooved plastic or metal trim that softens the light as it exits the fixture, reducing glare.
69
Lens
The lens is the plastic or glass part of a light fixture that is between the bulb and the illuminated space. The lens diffuses and controls the light and shields the lamp from the eye. Types include translucent diffusers and prismatic lenses.
70
Luminaire Reflectors
Different sizes, shapes, and materials of reflectors create different qualities of light output in terms of intensity and direction. Types include parabolic, elliptical, and compound.
71
Coefficient of Utilization in Lighting (CU)
Luminaire efficiency expressed as a percentage. For example, a luminaire with a coefficient of utilization in lighting (CU) of 80% means it delivers 80% of its light output to the work plane.
72
Lux
A measure of illuminance equal to 1 lumen in 1 square meter.
73
Candlepower Distribution Curve
A representation of the variations in luminous intensity of a luminaire. Found on product data sheets provided by manufacturers, CDCs are fairly intuitive to read.
74
Adaptive Controls
Motion sensors, dimmers, and timers used with lighting systems.
75
Maintenance Factor
Used to measure the deterioration of a lamp over time; makes a significant difference in lighting calculations.
76
Contrast
Ratio of luminance of the object of focus and the background luminance. Expressed in a value from 0 to 1 where one is maximum contrast and zero is no contrast. The human eye sees in contrast and chromaticity.
77
Lighting Design
Partly mathematical, and partly a series of assumptions based on the needs of users. Many possible "correct" solutions. People can see better, feel more comfortable, and perform better under good lighting. Lighting design is often "layered." Lighting can change the color and texture of materials and change the mood of any space. Light can be ambient or direct.
78
Lighting Level
A different level of lighting is needed for various tasks. Recommended lighting levels by activity are published by IES.
79
Luminous Intensity
The degree or amount of light or energy. The unit of intensity is the candela.
80
Daylight
Buildings should make the most of daylighting for reasons of human comfort and energy savings. Quality of daylight varies according to location and season. For example, a New York City winter sky is ambient and grey, and the light in southern California is sunny and warm. North light is different from south light. Urban light is different than rural light.
81
Daylight Factor
The ratio of the horizontal illuminance inside a building to the horizontal illuminance outside a building; expressed as a percent.
82
Daylight Penetration
The distance daylighting will penetrate into a building. A rule of thumb for calculating this distance is to use 1.5 to 2 times the height of the window. Increasing daylight penetration can be done with light shelves, roof monitors, and clerestory windows.
83
Inverse Square Law
When the same amount of luminance flux arrives on a surface farther from the source, it is less dense because the same amount of flux is spread out over a greater area. This is called the inverse square law. In other words, illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source.
84
Warm Colors
Colors that make you feel warm, including red, orange, and yellow, as well as shades of brown and tan.
85
Cool Colors
Colors that feel cool, including blue, green, violet, and most grays.
86
Phototropism
The orientation of an organism in response to light. Can be either toward the light (positive) or away from the light (negative). This can be easily seen in plants that turn or twist towards the light. Sunflowers are a good example.
87
Slanted flanks at either side of a window will do what to the daylight?
Funnel light deeper into a room.
88
Conspicuity
The capacity of a symbol to stand out against its background, as in the case of lettering on a sign.
89
Lightness
In color theory, lightness is how bright or dark a color is. It is the amount of black or white in color. It is independent of hue and saturation. Also called value.
90
Saturation
In color theory, saturation is intensity of color. No saturation of a color is gray. In other words, it is how “pure” a color is. Saturation is also called chroma.
91
Hue
Defined by wavelength and what most of us mean when we say “color.”
92
UV Rays
UV rays, or ultraviolet light, are located between visible light and x-rays on the electromagnetic spectrum. Invisible to the naked eye, UV rays can damage surfaces and cause colors to fade.
93
Rods and Cones
Photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye named for their shapes. Rods are very abundant in the human eye, work in low light, and do not see color very well, making everything at night appear grayish. Rods are good at detecting motion. Cones are less abundant, require higher lighting levels to activate, and are closely packed in the fovea, where they are used to perceive color and details.
94
Layers of light
1. General Lighting: fundamental and required by code
2. Accent Lighting: creates mood or ambiance
3. Task Lighting: localized lighting for any particular task like cooking or reading, for example.
95
A common error in kitchen and bath lighting design
Placing downlight fixtures in the ceiling behind a person, where their head casts a shadow over what the person is doing.
96
Dry, Damp, or Wet-Listed
Wet-listed fixtures are for use in areas with direct exposure to water, such as showers or outside in the rain. Damp-listed fixtures are located in areas subject to condensation, like a pool area or bathroom. Listings are provided by the UL. Dry location lights are designated simply as UL-listed.
97
Estimate the diameter of a pendant for a dining room.
Add the width of the room plus length and make it equal to x. Turn the value of x feet into x inches and that is the diameter of the pendant. For example, imagine a room that is 16' x 14'. Because 16 + 14 = 30, the pendant should be around 30" in diameter.
98
Give an example of how the thermal and luminous environments of a building cannot be separated.
1. Lighting in commercial buildings is a primary source of heat gain, directly effecting the HVAC system.
2. Shading devices designed to limit solar heat gain affect the quality of daylighting.
3. When designing for passive solar, one must also consider glare, contrast, and privacy.
99
Luminance Exitance
The luminous flux density leaving a surface, irrespective of direction viewer position. It is a product of illuminance and reflectance. Unit is lumens per unit of area.
100
Why are clear skies blue?
As white light from the sun is scattered by oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere, the blue wavelength scatters more and this is what makes the sky appear blue.
101
Why is the sunset shades of red, orange, and yellow?
When the sun is lower in the sky, it travels through more particles that scatter all the shorter blue, green, and violet light; this leaves only the longer wavelength red, orange, yellow light to reach our eyes.
102
Doppler Effect
The change in a sound frequency due to an observer’s movement.
103
More than one candlepower distribution curve is needed for __________ (symmetrical/nonsymmetrical) light sources.
Nonsymmetrical.
104
Fenestration
The entire aperture assembly, including the opening, glazing, and surrounding overhang, and any screens, mullions, louvers, blinds, draperies, etc.
105
Calculating illuminance
If the number of lumens striking a surface and the area of the surface are known, then the illuminance can be calculated. For example, if 5,500 lumens are striking an area that is 10’ by 10’, then the illumination is 55 foot-candles (fc). This is done by taking the lumens and dividing by the area. 5,500/100 = 55. This does not account for light loss factors.
106
Visual Field
The visual field is 180º wide, minus obstructions from facial features such as nose and cheeks.
107
Binocular Vision
Both eyes focus on the same center of vision. The slight difference in the information each eye receives is what provides us with 3-D depth.
108
The part of the eye that controls how much light enters is called the ______.
Iris.
109
Adaptation
The physiological process where the eye changes to adapt to different levels of illumination. Includes changes in the pupil diameter and retinal cell sensitivity.
110
Transmittance
The quality of a material to transmit light either specularly or diffusely. It is the ratio of transmitted light to incident light and is less than 1.0.
111
Transmitted Luminance
A product of the transmittance and the illuminance on the reverse side. The unit of transmitted illuminance is either candelas per square foot or footlamberts.
112
When light hits a surface, it can be ______, ______, or ________.
Transmitted, reflected, absorbed.
113
Absorption
The ratio of absorbed flux to incident flux.
114
Do we see with our eyes or our brain?
Our brain. The eye contains the photoreceptors that receive the light but they cannot see. Sight is done with the occipital lobe, a large area of the brain at the back of one’s head. The brain sees in 2D but uses learned cues to perceive a 3D space.
115
Optics
In luminaire design, optics is the science of getting a light to do what one wants by interacting the light with lenses and reflectors of the luminaire.
116
Fiber Optics
Fiber optics are very thin fibers of glass that can be used to transmit light over long distances.
117
True or false? Emergency egress lighting is not required in older buildings that are grandfathered in.
False.
118
Water Curtain
A sheet of water from fire sprinklers that forms a temporary fire separation.
119
Self-Luminous
Illuminated by a self-contained power source other than batteries and operated independently of external power sources.
120
Photoluminescent
Having the property of emitting light that continues for a length of time after exposure from visible light has been removed.
121
Opening Protection
Openings such as doors and windows allow fire to come through a rated assembly. In fire-resistance-rated construction, opening protection refers to the ability of an opening to limit the transmission of fire and smoke.
122
Smokeproof Enclosure
A type of exit stairway that is designed to keep out smoke in the event of a fire so that occupants can escape.
123
NFPA 13, NFPA 13D, NFPA 13R
NFPA 13 is the standard for design and installation of sprinkler systems. NFPA 13D (one- and two-family dwellings) and NFPA 13R (up to and including 4 stories residential) are subsets of NFPA 13.
124
Fire extinguisher classes
A (for ordinary combustibles like wood and paper)
B (for flammable liquids such as grease, gas, or oil
C (for electrical fires)
D (flammable metals) K (kitchens)
125
Fire extinguisher class mnemonic
Class A is for any ordinary fire.
Class B is for flammables such as gasoline.
Class C is for electrical conductance fires.
Class D is for metals.
Class K is for kitchens.
126
Fire extinguisher types
Dry, inert gas (halon); CO2 (carbon dioxide).
127
Smoke alarm requirements for dwellings
Inside every sleeping room, outside every sleeping room in the immediate vicinity, and on each story of the home; must be hardwired and interconnected.
128
Calculation of horizontal illuminance by the lumen (flux) method (definition)
A method of calculating the average maintained illuminance in food candles on the work plane within a space. The method assumes that luminaries are spaced to provide a uniform illumination level within the space.
129
Calculation of horizontal illuminance by the lumen (flux) method (formula)
Illuminance E = (lamp lumens x CU x LLF)/area
E: expressed in foot-candlesLamp Lumens: number of fixtures x lamps per fixture x initial lumens per lamp
CU: the ratio between the lumens reaching the working plane in the specific space and the lumen generated
LLF: Loss light factor
130
Loss Light Factor
Loss light factor (LLF) is a calculation of the effect of light output in a room due to temperature and voltage variations, dirt accumulation on luminaries and room surfaces, lamp output depreciation, and maintenance conditions. LLF is a product of recoverable and non-recoverable factors. Recoverable factors can be fixed by maintenance, and include room surface dirt, lamp lumen depreciation, burnouts, and luminaire dirt depreciation. Non recoverable factors cannot be fixed by maintenance, and include luminaire ambient temperature, voltage, luminaire surface depreciation, and components.
131
Zonal Cavity Method
The zonal cavity method takes into account three cavities: a ceiling cavity above the fixture, a floor cavity below the working plane, and a room cavity between the two; this is to account for the luminaire’s mounting height and its relationship with the working plane. The coefficient of utilization (CU) connects the utilized fixture to the zone it is lighting by relating the luminaries’ light distribution to the room's size and its surface reflectance.
132
Isofootcandle Chart
A type of chart that is based on the output from a luminaire; typically is provided by the manufacturer of the luminaire.
133
Sound Intensity
The minimum sound intensity for the human ear to detect noise is 0dB, and maximum sound intensity for an ear to hear without damage is 130 dB. 130 dB would be painful to hear; 110dB is an equivalent of a 75-piece orchestra; 90 dB is listening to shouting 5’ away; 70 dB is speech at 3’ away; 50 dB is ambient noise in an occupied office; and 30 dB is equivalent to ambient noise in an unoccupied office setting. Sound intensity lessens as the distance from the source increases. Sound intensity from the source is defined as: I = P/A, where I is sound (power) intensity, P is acoustic power, and A is area.
134
Echo
An echo is caused when sound is reflected at a sufficient intensity (defined as being heard between 50 ms to 80 ms after a person heard the initial sound). Echoes make speech less intelligible and make music sound muddy.
135
Transmission Loss
Transmission loss is an acoustics term for the barrier ratio, in dB, of the acoustic energy that escapes from one space into another, at the barrier.
136
Track Lighting
A mounting system for lights in which the lights are on tracks to allow for a variety of positions and lighting conditions. Typically used to highlight a feature on a wall, a display, or hanging art. Typically not used for task lighting.
137
Working Plane
The horizontal work surface where illumination is specified and measured; usually about 30"–36" above the floor.
138
Building Management System (BMS)
Controls systems in a building such as temperature, lighting, HVAC, water heaters, appliances, door and window locks, and security cameras.
