OBGYN Final Fall 2015 Flashcards
What is the physiologic status of prepuberty?
premenarche
p.951
The superficial layer of glans and stroma of the endometrium is called the:
zona functionalis
p.945
The release of an egg from the ruptured follicle is:
ovulation
p.951
The ovary receives its primary blood supply from the:
ovarian arteries
p.948
The blood supply to the fallopian tube is received by:
ovarian artery
p.947
Which of the following about the ovaries is false?
(these are true)
almond shaped
attached posteriorly to broad ligament by mesovarium
lie in ovarian fossa
fossa bounded by external iliac muscles, ureter, and obturator nerve
blood supply by ovarian and uterine arteries
bllod drained by ovarian vein into IVC on right and into renal vein on left
p.948
A mature follicle is known as a _____ follicle.
graafian
p.951
A mature follicle typically is _____ cm in size right before ovulation.
2 cm
p.951
The rectouterine space is also known as:
posterior cul-de-sac
p.953
Abnormally heavy or long menses is termed:
menorrhagia
p.953
The inner lining of the uterine cavity that appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound depending on the menstrual cycle is the:
endometrium
p.952
Menarche may be defined as:
state after reaching puberty in which menses occurs normally every 28 days
p.951
These are small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus:
arcuate vessels
p.970
The thickness of the endometrium should be measured in the:
sagittal view (longitudinally) p.973
The middle layer of the uterus is:
myometrium
p.970
The thin outer layer of the uterus is separated from the immediate layer by the:
arcuate vessels
p.970
Nabothian cysts are found near the:
cervix
p.979
On transabdominal imaging of the female pelvis, the distended urinary bladder:
serves as an acoustic window
cystic reference
displaces bowel
p.957
The most common site for a leiomyoma to occur is:
intramural (within myometrium)
p.985
Complications in delivery may occur with pregnancy if a fibroid is located:
near cervix
p.984
A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as:
adenomyosis
p.988
A small percentage of leiomyomas are located in the:
lower uterine segment near cervix
p.984
An acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal is most likely a result of:
cervical stenosis
p.980
Which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular uterine bleeding?
submucosal
p.985
Irregular, acyclic bleeding is defined as:
metrorrhea
p.989
Where might you find a Gartner’s duct cyst?
vagina
p.979
In a posthysterectomy patient, the normal vaginal cuff should not exceed _____ cm.
- 1 cm
p. 979
A small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogen is a:
corpus luteum cyst
p.1007
The dermoid tumor typically is associated with which ultrasound sign?
“Tip of the iceburg” sign
pg 1022
The most common adnexal mass found during early pregnancy is a:
Corpus luteum cyst
p.1100
The normal ovary has a:
homogenous echotexture
echogenic medulla
anechoic or cystic follicles
p.1002
Simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women are not likely malignant when measuring less than _____ cm.
5 cm
p.1004
The most common benign tumor of the ovary is a/an:
dermoid tumor
p.1022
This rare benign ovarian neoplasm is most often seen in postmenopausal women.
thecoma
p.1024
A common condition in which functioning endometrial tissue is present outside of the uterus is:
endometriosis
p.1012
Partial or complete rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis defines:
ovarian torsion
p.1013
Which pelvis organ is more involved with metastatic disease?
ovary
p.1025
An infection that involves the fallopian tube and the ovary is called:
tubo-ovarian abscess
p.1031
Risk factors in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) include all except which of the following?
(these are true) early sexual contact multiple sexual partners hx of STDs previous hx PID use of IUD douching p.1028
What is an infection within the fallopian tube called?
salpingitis
p.1030
The most common etiology of PID is:
STDs
p.1028
Sonographic findings of PID include all except which of the following?
(these are true) endometritis periovarian inflammation salpingitis, pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx tubo-ovarian abscess p.1029
Which statement about infertility is false?
(these are true) inability to conceive within 12 months affects 1 in 7 couples in America 40% female, 40% male, 20% both at fault p.1039
A dominant follicle grows at a rate of:
1 to 3 mm/day
p.1043
A human fertilization technique in which fertilized ova are injected through a laparoscope into the fimbriated ends of the fallopian tubes is known as:
Gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT)
Fertilization takes place within the woman’s body in:
Distal portion of the Fallopian tube (ampulla)
The cavity in which the fetus exists is called the:
Amniotic cavity
This laboratory test indicates pregnancy when the values are elevated:
hCG levels
The first site of formation of red blood cells that will nourish the embryo is the:
primary yolk sac
p.1065
This refers to the length of time calculated from the first day of the last normal menstrual period to the point at which the pregnancy is being assessed.
Gestational or menstrual age
p.1064
The beta hCG levels plateau and subsequently decline, whereas the gestational sac continues to grow after:
9-10 weeks
p.1067
The fusion of the chorion and amnion occurs between:
14 to 15 weeks
p.1071
I think Beth’s answer is 16 weeks
To calculate the mean sac diameter of a gestational sac, the following formula should be used:
MSD = length + width + height / 3
p.1077
Using an endovaginal approach, the first structure visualized within a gestational sac is the:
Secondary yolk sac
In the first trimester, herniated bowel with return within the abdominal cavity by the:
12th week
p.1076
A sonogram of a 10-week gestation demonstrates a cystic area within the posterior cranium. This most likely represents:
rhomboencephalon
p.1072
The blastocyst typically enters the uterus:
4 to 5 days after fertilization
Pg 1065
Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium occurs at:
12 days post fertilization
Pg. 1065
The crown-rump length measurement may be used up to the _____ gestational week.
12th
p.1077
What is the most common pelvic mass seen in 1st trimester pregnancy?
corpus luteum cyst
p.1100
An ovum without an embryo is known as:
anembryonic or blighted ovum
p.1084
A hemorrhage located between the gestational sac and the placenta represents:
Subchorionic hemorrhage??
Pg. 1082
Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the:
Fallopian tube
p.1089
There is an increased risk of complete hysterectomy when an ectopic pregnancy is located in the:
cervix
p.1093
The most common cause of vaginal bleeding in the 1st trimester is:
Subchorionic hemorrhage
Pg. 1082
Poor prognosis is generally seen in embryos with heart rates below:
90 bpm
p.1088
A heterotopic pregnancy is:
simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy
p.1093
This structure carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC):
Ductus venosus
p.1126
This term indicates the fetal head is toward the fundus of the uterus:
Breech
p.1105
The total number of pregnancies is called:
gravidity
p.1051
This indicates the liver is on right, stomach on the left, and heart apex on the left:
normal situs
p.1108
The three vessels found in the umbilical cord are:
2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein
p.1239
The cranial bones ossify by:
12th week gestation
p.1108
The cavum septum pellucidi is observed in front of the:
thalamus
p.1112
Which of the following shunts blood away from the lungs?
ductus arteriosus
p.1126
Beyond 20 weeks of gestation, a renal pelvis is considered abnormal when measuring greater than:
8 mm
p.1131
The normal lateral ventricle measures less than:
- 5 mm
p. 1111
The abdominal circumference (AC) is the:
measurement at the level of the stomach, left portal vein, and left umbilical vein
p.1150
This is a sonographic sign that refers to the shape of the cerebellum when a spinal defect is present:
banana
p.1098
The biparietal diameter is the measurement of the fetal head at the level of the:
thalamus and cavum septum pellucidum
p.1146
The condition that shows the fetal head elongated in the transverse diameter and shortened in the anteroposterior diameter is known as:
Brachycephaly
The most accurate measurement for determining gestational age is the:
CRL (1st tri)
BPD(2nd tri)
p.1146
Frontal bones of the cranium that collapse forward describes:
Lemon head sign
p.1098
Flattening of the fetal skull is called:
dolichocephaly
p.1147
A condition in which the fetus is not growing as fast as normal is termed:
intrauterine growth restriction
p.1158
Measurement of the biparietal diameter is taken from the:
outer to inner edge
p.1147
The assessment of the fetus to determine fetal well-being, including evaluation of cardiac non-stress test, observation of fetal breathing movement, gross fetal body movements, fetal tone, and amniotic fluid volume, is known as the:
Biophysical profile
p.1162
The normal amniotic fluid index (AFI) should range between:
10-20 cm
8-20 cm beth
_____ incorporates all fetal growth parameters (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur).
Gestational age parameters that estimate fetal weight
p.1146
One of the growth problems of the diabetic fetus is:
macrosomia
p.1167
IUGR is most commonly defined as a fetal birth weight:
at or below 10% for given gestational age
p.1158
The chorionic plate is related to:
fetal surface of placenta
p.1221
The major functioning unit of the placenta is:
Chorionic villus
p.1221
The placenta performs all except which of the following functions?
(These are true) Respiration Nutrition Excretion Protection Storage Hormonal production p.1222
The primary cause of placentomegaly is:
maternal diabetes
This is produced by the umbilical cord and membranes, the fetal lung, skin, and kidney.
Amniotic fluid
p 1250
Sonographic signs of polyhydramnios include all except which of the following?
(These are true) Freely floating fetus in swollen amniotic cavity Accentuated fetal anatomy AFI equal or greater than 20 cm 24 cm beth p.1256
Which of the following methods is used for visual assessment of amniotic fluid volume?
Subjective assessment
This technique is both valid and reproducible in assessment of amniotic fluid volume.
AFI
p 1252
Persistent oligohydramnios in the second trimester, regardless of the cause, carries a:
poor prognosis
p.1257
Fetal production of urine and the ability to swallow begin during what weeks?
8-11 wk
p 1250
Mobile particles observed in the amniotic fluid are termed?
Amniotic bands
Nonanomalous conditions causing oligohydramnios?
IUGR, premature rupture of membranes, post date pregnancy (42 wks), CVS
p 1256
Polyhydramnios is defined as an AFV greater than ____ml.
24 cm
Maternal conditions associated with polyhydramnios
Diabetes, Rh incompatibility, anemia, congestive heart failure, obesity, syphilis
p 1255
Fibrous bands of amnion that develop in utero and may entangle fetal parts
Amniotic bands
p 1260
What is a circumvalet placenta?
Attachment of placental membranes to the fetal surface of the placenta.
p 1233
What is vaso previa?
Cord membranes that lies across cervix
Amniotic sheets are believed to be caused by?
Synechiae (uterine scars)
p 1261
Congenital anomalies associated with polyhydramnios
GI system most common reason, central nervous system
p 1255
Congential anomalies associated with oligohydramnios
Infantile polycystic kidney disease, renal agensis, posterior urethral valves (keyhole bladder), dysplastic kidneys, chromosomal abnormalities
p 1256
Velematous and battledore placentas are?
Battledore: cord insertion at the placental margin
Velamentous: cord insertion on membranes
Know increta, percreta, and accreta placentas
Increta- growth of chorionic villi deep into the myometrium
Percreta- growth of the chorionic villi through the myometrium to the uterine serosa
Accreta- growth of the chorionic villi to the myometrium; does not penetrate through the myometrium
What is an abruption and what are the symptoms?
Bleeding from a normally situated placenta as a result of its complete or partial detachment from the maternal wall after the 20th week gestation
Symptoms: vaginal bleeding,abd/back pain, preterm labor, fetal demise, uterine irritability
p.1234
What are Braxton hicks?
Spontaneous painless uterine contractions described originally as a sign of pregnancy; they occur from the first trimester to the end of pregnancy
Major functions of the placenta
permit exchange of oxygenated maternal blood with deoxygenated fetal blood
p.1220
What is a succenturiate placenta?
Accessory placental lobe
What is placenta migration?
Movement of the placenta as the uterus enlarges the placenta; a low lying placenta may move out of the lower uterine segment in the second trimester
Know symmetrical and asymmetrical IUGR
Symmetrical - occurs in 1st trimester, fetus is small in all parameters
Asymmetrical - (more common) occurs in 2nd & 3rd trimester, usually from placental insufficiency
p.1159
Oxygenated blood enters the fetus via?
Ductus venousus
Using maximum vertical pocket method, what measurement would indicate poly?
greater than 8 cm
p.1252
