OB II Test 1 Review Flashcards by Allison Shorter

Free hand acquisition

same as manual acquisition. original 3-D. This is the the manual slide of the probe along the pt skin to collect anatomy as a series of slices.
pg. 1207

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Transparent rendering

Transparent rendering looks beyond the surface of the anatomy to reveal structures located within.
Pg 1212

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What are the 2 classifications of rendering?

Transparent and surface: Surface is displaying the surface detail like the fetal face. Transparent is looking beyond the surface displaying anatomy within.
WB 414

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What are the 2 main methods to acquire the data and what are the differences between them?

manual and automatic. In manual you move the probe to get the data and in automatic you don’t move the probe.
pg 1207

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What is another name for x-ray mode?

transparent rendering

Pg 1212

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What are the 3D small pixels elements referred to as?

voxels

pg 1212

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What is the best plane we use to see the fetal face?

2D - coronal plane
Pg 1209

green box on page 1271 has more info

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What might hinder facial screening? (ex not being able to see both sides of the brain bc the skull shadows)

Fetal position, low fluid
shadowing of other structures, probe positioning
pg. 1210

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What is craniosynostosis?

Premature closure of any or all cranial sutures. Abnormally shaped clover leaf skull (Kleeblattschadel) is the appearance of the skull. This is associated with skeletal dysplasias and ventriculomegaly.
pg. 1273

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What could happen with the malformation of the lymphatic system (cystic hygroma)?

This could lead to single or multiloculated lymph filled cavities of the neck (cystic hygroma). This abnormal collection of lymph causes distention of the lymph cavities which can lead to hydrops and even fetal death.
pg. 1284

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When you look at the nasal triad, what is included in the view of what you are looking at?

Nose, lips, nostrils, palate.
eval of nasal triad should include nostril symmetry, nasal septum integrity, and continuity of the upper lip to exclude cleft lip and palate.
pg. 1280

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What is cleft lip and palate?

Failure of the lip/palate to close at the midline. Can involve upper lip, hard palate, soft palate, lower orbits, and out to the ears. Can be bilateral, unilateral, an isolated defect.
Pg 1281

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What is epignathus?

The fetal swallowing is impaired resulting in hydrammios. This is a teratoma located in the oropharynx. These masses are complex.
pg. 1282

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What is the most common neck mass?

cystic hygroma colli (lymphatic obstruction)

pg.1283

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What percentage of cystic hygromas as associated with chromosomal abnormalities?

50%

pg. 1285

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What prominence does the bridge of the nose originate from?

Frontal prominence

P 1269

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What type of abnormality might you see with proboscis?

Alobar holoprosencephaly

pg.1271

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At what weeks should we do an NT?

11 wk - 13 wk 6 days

Pg 1275

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What is the most common congenital anomaly of the face?

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

pg 1281

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What are some differential diagnoses with cystic hygroma?

Meningomylocele,
encephalocele, 
nuchal  edema, 
brachial cleft cyst, 
cystic teratoma, 
hemangioma, 
thryoglossal duct cyst 
pg 1286

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What is a small chin?

Micrognathia

pg 1275

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Are facial anomalies typically isolated defects or are they associated with other abnormalities or syndromes?

with other anomalies and syndromes

pg 1271

What is a big forehead?

Trigonocephaly

pg 1273

What syndrome is associated with an ear malformation

Goldenhars syndrome 
Roberts syndrome
Nager acrofacial dysostosis syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome 
pg 1277

Cleft lip without cleft palate is more highly identified in which ethnic group?

Native Americans | pg 1281

What is fetal goiter?

it appears as symmetrical, solid, homogeneous mass arising anterior fetal neck (in region of thyroid). whenever there is maternal thyroid disease check fetus. pg. 1286

Congenital anomalies of the face occur in 1 and how many births?

600 | pg 1267

Typically if you have an isolated unilateral cleft lip, which side does it usually occur on?

Left | pg 1281

What is a neck teratoma?

Can be unilateral and complex. Located anteriorly. Can cause "star gazing" Will have color Pg 1287

What is anencephaly?

Absence of the brain and skull | Pg 1290

What is acrania? How is it different than anencephaly?

Absence of the cranium bones with the presence of brain tissue Pg 1292

If you have splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres, what might it be?

Dandy Walker Malformation | pg 1299

What other anomalies are associated with anencephaly?

``` Spina bifida, Cleft lip and palate, hydronephrosis, diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac defects, omphalocele, GI defects, talipes Pg 1291 ```

Which form of holoprosencephaly is the most severe?

Alobar | Pg 1300

Colpocephaly is associated with which anomaly?

agenesis of the corpus callosum | pg. 1302

What anomaly may cause absence of the cavum septum pellucidum?

Alobar holoprosencephaly | pg. 1300

What defect is associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome?

Anencephaly | pg 1290

What facial anomalies are associated with holoprosencephaly?

``` Cyclopia, Hypotelorism, an absent nose, flattened nose with a single nostril, proboscis, Cebocephaly, Ethmocephaly, Lateral facial cleft, Midline facial cleft pg 1301 ```

What characteristics are associated with Arnold Chiari malformation? (fruit)

Banana cerebellum Lemon head pg 1113

What anomaly is associated with the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and splaying of cerebellar hemispheres?

Dandy Walker Malformation | Pg 1299

Which anomaly is associated with a result of carotid artery occlusion?

Hydranencephaly | Pg 1306

What is a normal size of the ventricle?

6.5 mm | Pg 1111

What is an abnormal size of the ventricles?

>1 cm | pg 1111

What is a meningocele?

Open spinal defect with the protrusion of the spinal meninges pg 1295

What is a meningomyelocele?

Open spinal defect with a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord Pg 1295

What are some of the anomalies that are commonly associated with hydrocephalus?

``` aqueductal stenosis arachnoid cysts vein of Galen spina bifida encephaloceles Dandy-Walker malformation agenesis of corpus callosum lissencephaly schizencephaly holoprosencephaly pg 1306-1307 ```

What do we call it when ventriculomegaly makes the head bigger?

Hydrocephalus | pg 1306

What is the most common neural tube defect?

Anencephaly | Pg 1290

What is holoprosencephaly?

abnormal cleavage of the prosencephalon (forebrain) | pg 1299

What is vein of Galen malformation?

This is an aneurysm of the vein of galen (VAGA). This is rare. In males more than females. Usually isolated but can be associated with congenital heart defects, cystic hygromas, and hydrops. It can also be associated with neurologic damage, which may be a result of ischemia, hemorrhage, or mass. This vein will be enlarged but will communicate with normal appearing arteries. pg. 1304

What is Cebocephaly?

Form of holoprosenchepaly that has a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril pg 1301

What is microcephaly?

Abnormally small head that's 2 standard deviation below the mean. Pg 1308

What is herniation of the meninges and brain?

``` Cephalocele Encephalocele Pg 1293 Meningomylocele - characteristics of spina bifida Pg 1295 ```

What is a differential consideration for Dandy-Walker malformation?

Arachnoid cyst, cerebellar hypoplasia | Pg 1299