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AUBF > OBF > Flashcards

OBF Flashcards

1
Q

What is effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid in a cavity

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2
Q

What are the classifications of effusion causes?

A

Transudate
Exudate

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3
Q

What causes transudate effusion related to hydrostatic pressure?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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4
Q

What is the WBC count characteristic of exudate?

A

Greater than 1000/µL

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5
Q

What are the two types of membranes lining body cavities?

A

Parietal and Visceral membranes

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6
Q

What is the significance of pleural fluid cholesterol levels?

A

Helps differentiate transudate from exudate

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7
Q

What is colloidal or oncotic pressure’s role in serous fluid formation?

A

It pulls fluid back into capillaries

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8
Q

What are the three main cavities of the body lined by membranes?

A

Pleural, Pericardial, Peritoneal

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9
Q

What causes the small excess of fluid in serous membranes?

A

Different positive pressures in capillaries

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10
Q

What role does hydrostatic pressure play in serous fluid formation?

A

It helps push fluid out of capillaries

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11
Q

What is serous fluid an ultrafiltrate of?

A

Plasma

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12
Q

What is the normal volume of pleural fluid?

A

Approximately 10-20 mL

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13
Q

What causes transudate effusion related to oncotic pressure?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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14
Q

What differentiates chylous from pseudochylous effusion?

A

Chylous is extractable in ether

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15
Q

What is the appearance of pericardial fluid in infection?

A

Clear and yellow

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16
Q

What is the purpose of peritoneal lavage?

A

To detect intra-abdominal bleeding

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17
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Reduces friction and provides lubrication

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18
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Viscous fluid in movable joints

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19
Q

What is the procedure for collecting synovial fluid?

A

Arthrocentesis

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20
Q

How is synovial fluid characterized?

A

Viscous fluid in movable joints
Derived from the Latin word for egg

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21
Q

What is the normal viscosity of synovial fluid?

A

Forms a string (4-6 cm)

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22
Q

What is the normal protein level in synovial fluid?

A

Less than 3 g/dl

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23
Q

How does the presence of crystals in synovial fluid indicate different conditions?

A

Indicates gout or pseudogout based on type

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24
Q

What is the role of synovial fluid in joint health?

A

Provides lubrication and nutrients to cartilage

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25
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid in osteoarthritis?

A

Cloudy with debris from cartilage

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26
Q

How does the presence of debris from joint prosthesis affect synovial fluid analysis?

A

Indicates potential complications from surgery

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27
Q

What is the primary component that contributes to the viscosity of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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28
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid in gout?

A

Cloudy with needle-shaped crystals

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29
Q

What does a turbid appearance of pleural fluid indicate?

A

Possible microbial infection or immune disorder

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30
Q

What does a high neutrophil count in effusion indicate?

A

Possible bacterial infection

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31
Q

What is the normal appearance of pleural fluid?

A

Clear and pale yellow

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32
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Hemorrhagic exudate in pleural cavity

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33
Q

What is the significance of a pH less than 7.2 in serous fluid?

A

Indicates need for drainage and antibiotics

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34
Q

What is a cause of exudate effusion related to capillary permeability?

A

Microbial infections

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35
Q

What is the purpose of anticoagulants in fluid analysis?

A

To maintain cell counts and differential counts

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36
Q

What is the appearance of chylous effusion?

A

Milky white fluid

37
Q

What does an increase in amylase and lipase in fluid suggest?

A

Possible pancreatitis or GIT perforation

38
Q

What are the differences between transudate and exudate?

A

Transudate: low protein, clear
Exudate: high protein, cloudy

39
Q

What is the significance of the differential count in synovial fluid analysis?

A

Helps identify type of inflammation

40
Q

What is the predominant cell type in chylous effusion?

A

Lymphocytes

41
Q

What is the normal WBC count in peritoneal fluid?

A

Less than 500 cells/µL

42
Q

What does an absolute neutrophil count greater than 250 cells/µL indicate?

A

Possible infection

43
Q

What are the laboratory tests performed on serous fluids?

A

Evaluation of appearance
Cell counting (manual and electronic)
Differential count

44
Q

What does the Mucin Clot Test assess?

A

Viscosity of synovial fluid

45
Q

What are the primary crystals associated with gout and pseudogout?

A

MSU for gout, CPPD for pseudogout

46
Q

What is the shape and birefringence of crystals in gout?

A

Needle-shaped, negative birefringence

47
Q

What are the causes of arthritis as indicated in the study material?

A

Degenerative joint disorders
Infections
Crystal-induced conditions
Autoimmune diseases

48
Q

What is the typical WBC count in hemorrhagic arthritis?

A

Equal to blood WBC count

49
Q

What is the role of the first-order red-compensated polarized light in crystal analysis?

A

Enhances visibility of crystal birefringence

50
Q

What is the purpose of differential count in serous fluid analysis?

A

To identify normal and malignant cells

51
Q

What does CEA stand for?

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

52
Q

What lines the bones in a synovial joint?

A

Smooth articular cartilage

53
Q

What is the normal glucose level in synovial fluid compared to blood glucose?

A

Not greater than 10 mg/dl lower

54
Q

What are the common bacteria that infect synovial fluid?

A

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus

55
Q

What is the role of hyaluronidase in synovial fluid analysis?

A

To lyse RBC for accurate counting

56
Q

What is the significance of the color of synovial fluid in diagnosing arthritis?

A

Indicates type and severity of inflammation

57
Q

How does the viscosity of synovial fluid change in inflammatory conditions?

A

It decreases, indicating inflammation

58
Q

How does the presence of vacuolated macrophages indicate specific conditions?

A

Suggests Reiter Syndrome or Reactive Arthritis

59
Q

What is the significance of the birefringence of crystals in synovial fluid?

A

Helps identify the type of crystals present

60
Q

What is the significance of CA 125 and CEA in the context of trauma/surgery?

A

(+) CA 125, (-) CEA indicates ovarian issues

61
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?

A

Transudate: Low protein content, clear
Exudate: High protein content, cloudy

62
Q

What is the normal leukocyte count in synovial fluid?

A

Less than 200 WBC/µl

63
Q

What does the serum-ascites albumin gradient help differentiate?

A

Transudate from exudate

64
Q

What are the characteristics of normal and diseased synovial fluid?

A

Normal: Clear, non-clotting
Diseased: Tends to clot, cloudy

65
Q

What should not be used as anticoagulants in synovial fluid collection?

A

Powdered anticoagulants

66
Q

What is the role of antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Indicates autoimmune response in fluid

67
Q

How does the presence of large multinucleated cells in synovial fluid indicate osteoarthritis?

A

Indicates chronic inflammation and degeneration

68
Q

What is the role of synovial membrane in joints?

A

Lines the fibrous joint capsule

69
Q

How does the appearance of synovial fluid differ in various types of arthritis?

A

Color and clarity vary based on inflammation

70
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid in septic arthritis?

A

Cloudy/milky with high WBC count

71
Q

What is the typical appearance of synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Cloudy with high neutrophil count

72
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid in crystal-induced arthritis?

A

Cloudy with specific crystal shapes

73
Q

What is the relationship between crystal shape and the type of arthritis?

A

Different shapes indicate different types of arthritis

74
Q

What is the significance of the presence of neutrophils in synovial fluid?

A

Indicates potential infection or inflammation

75
Q

What are the features of different types of arthritis based on synovial fluid analysis?

A

Non-inflammatory: Clear, <1000 WBC/µl
Inflammatory: Cloudy, 2000-75,000 WBC/µl
Septic: Cloudy/milky, >100,000 WBC/µl
Hemorrhagic: Cloudy/red fluid

76
Q

How do metabolic disorders relate to crystal formation in synovial fluid?

A

They lead to increased crystal deposition

77
Q

How does the analysis of synovial fluid help differentiate between types of arthritis?

A

Analyzes color, clarity, and cell count

78
Q

What is the typical WBC count in non-inflammatory arthritis?

A

Less than 1000 WBC/µl

79
Q

How does the presence of crystals in synovial fluid relate to metabolic disorders?

A

Indicates impaired metabolism or excretion

80
Q

Why should synovial fluid for crystal analysis not be refrigerated?

A

It produces additional crystals

81
Q

What is the significance of the total leukocyte count in synovial fluid?

A

Indicates inflammation or infection

82
Q

How does the analysis of synovial fluid contribute to the diagnosis of arthritis?

A

Provides insights into inflammation and infection

83
Q

What is the significance of the color and clarity of synovial fluid in diagnosing conditions?

A

Indicates inflammation and type of arthritis

84
Q

How does the analysis of synovial fluid contribute to understanding joint diseases?

A

Reveals inflammation, infection, and crystal presence

85
Q

What is the appearance of synovial fluid in traumatic injury?

A

Cloudy with refractile globules

86
Q

What is the significance of the presence of antibodies in synovial fluid?

A

Indicates autoimmune or inflammatory conditions

87
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane in joint function?

A

Secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

88
Q

What are the types of arthritis and their characteristics?

A

Inflammatory: Pain, swelling, stiffness
Non-inflammatory: Mild discomfort, no swelling
Septic: Severe pain, fever, redness

AUBF (23 decks)

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