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AUBF > 3.1 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE - COLOR > Flashcards

3.1 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE - COLOR Flashcards

1
Q

The physical examination of urine includes the determination
of the

A

urine color, clarity, and specific gravity

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2
Q

The results of the physical portion of urinalysis can confirm or explain findings in what other areas of urinalysis?

A

Chemical and microscopic areas

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3
Q

Variations in urine color may be due to

A

normal metabolic functions, physical activity, ingested materials, and Pathological conditions

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4
Q

The yellow color of
urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which Thudichum named

A

urochrome

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5
Q

is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at a constant rate.

A

Urochrome

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6
Q

Caused by recent fluid consumption

Commonly observed with random specimens

A

Colorless

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7
Q

Pale yellow color causes

A

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Dilute random specimen

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8
Q

Increased 24-hour volume and low specific gravity with a pale yellow color suggests

A

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

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9
Q

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result with a pale yellow color suggests

A

Diabetes mellitus

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10
Q

Recent fluid consumption with pale yellow color suggests

A

Dilute random specimen

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11
Q

Dark yellow color of urine possible causes

A

Concentrated specimen
B complex vitamins
Dehydration
Bilirubin
Acriflavine
Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

Dark yellow color of specimen that may be normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning specimen means that the sample is

A

Concentrated specimen

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13
Q

Fever or burns with a dark yellow urine color suggests

A

Dehydration

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14
Q

Dark yellow urine color with yellow foam when shaken suggests a positive chemical test results for this specific metabolite

A

bilirubin

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15
Q

Negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence causes dark yellow urine specimen with?

A

Acriflavine

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16
Q

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections that causes dark yellow urine specimen

A

Nitrofurantoin

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17
Q

Orange-yellow color of urine possible causes

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
Phenindione
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

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18
Q

Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infections that causes orange-yellow urine

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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19
Q

Anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine that causes orang yellow urine

A

Phenindione

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20
Q

Anti-inflammatory drug that causes orange yellow urine

A

Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

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21
Q

Yellow-green urine possible cause

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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22
Q

Colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin and yellow green urine color indicates that

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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23
Q

Positive urine culture for this bacteria is the primary cause of green urine

A

Pseudomonas infection

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24
Q

Possible causes of green urine

A

Pseudomonas infection
Asparagus

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25
Q

Possible causes of Blue-green urine

A

Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Clorets
Indican
Methylene blue
Phenol
Propofol
Familial hypercalcemia
Indomethacin (Indocin, Tivorbex)

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26
Q

Antidepressant that causes blue green urine

A

Amitriptyline

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27
Q

Muscle relaxant, may be green-brown that causes blue green urine

A

Methocarbamol (Robaxin)

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28
Q

Bacterial infections, intestinal disorders secretes this organic compound that causes blue green urine

A

Indican

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29
Q

Dye used to check for fistulas which causes the urine to be blue-green

A

Methylene blue

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30
Q

This compound, when oxidized causes blue green urine

A

Phenol

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31
Q

Anesthetic that causes blue green urine

A

Propofol

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32
Q

“Blue diaper syndrome” is an indication of what disease

A

Familial hypercalcemia

33
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that causes blue green urine

A

Indomethacin (Indocin, Tivorbex)

34
Q

Pink Red urine possible causes

A

RBCs
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Beets
Rifampin
Menstrual contamination

35
Q

Cloudy red urine suggests

A

RBCs in the urine

36
Q

Clear pink red urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis suggests

A

Hemoglobin

37
Q

Clear pink red urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage suggests

A

Myoglobin

38
Q

Alkaline urine of people who are genetically susceptible pink red coloration is caused by

A

Beets

39
Q

Tuberculosis medication that causes pink red urine

A

Rifampin

40
Q

Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots suggest that the urine is

A

Contaminated with menstruations

41
Q

Port wine color of urine is caused by

A

Porphyrins

42
Q

Red-brown color of urine may be caused by

A

RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
Myoglobin

43
Q

Seen in acidic urine after standing; positive chemical test result for blood with reed brown coloration indicates

A

RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin

44
Q

Brown Black urine may be caused by

A

Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen
Phenol derivatives
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Methyldopa or levodopa
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Chloroquine and primaquine
Methocarbamol
Fava beans, rhubarb, or aloe

45
Q

Seen in alkaline urine after standing; specific tests are available for determining this cause of brown black urine

A

Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)

46
Q

Urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride is caused by

A

Malignant melanoma
Melanin or melanogen

47
Q

If the urine is brown black and it Interferes with copper reduction tests this is probably caused by

A

Phenol derivatives

48
Q

When the urine is brown black and the Color disappears with ferric chloride, it is probably caused by

A

Argyrol (antiseptic)

49
Q

Antihypertensive that caused brown black urine

A

Methyldopa or levodopa

50
Q

Darkens on standing, intestinal and vaginal infections cause

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

51
Q

Antimalarial drugs that causes brown black urine

A

Chloroquine and primaquine

52
Q

Muscle relaxant that causes brown black urine

A

Methocarbamol

53
Q

Increased amounts of urochrome are produced in patients with what type of conditions?

A

Thyroid conditions

54
Q

What happens to urochrome levels in urine that stands at room temperature?

A

They increase

55
Q

A dilute urine specimen will appear what color?

A

Pale yellow

56
Q

A concentrated urine specimen will appear what color?

A

Dark yellow

57
Q

The presence of which pink pigment is most evident in refrigerated urine specimens?

A

Uroerythrin

58
Q

What pigment imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh?

A

Urobilin

59
Q

Dark yellow or amber urine may indicate the presence of what abnormal pigment?

A

Bilirubin

60
Q

What visual indication suggests bilirubin presence when shaking a urine specimen?

A

Yellow foam

61
Q

A large amount of what type of foam indicates increased protein concentration in urine?

A

White foam

62
Q

The photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen produces what color urine?

A

Yellow-orange

63
Q

What color does bilirubin impart to urine when photo-oxidized?

A

Yellow-green

64
Q

Specimens containing phenazopyridine produce what visual indicator when shaken?

A

Yellow foam

65
Q

What is one of the most common causes of abnormal urine color?

A

Presence of blood

66
Q

The color of urine may range from red to brown due to what factors?

A

Amount of blood, pH of urine, length of contact

67
Q

What causes urine to turn brown when red blood cells remain in acidic urine for several hours?

A

Oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

68
Q

What color and appearance does urine take on when intact red blood cells are present?

A

Red and cloudy

69
Q

How can one distinguish between hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

A

Examining the patient’s plasma

70
Q

What type of urine appears red due to the oxidation of porphobilinogen?

A

Urine containing porphyrins

71
Q

What are nonpathogenic causes of red urine?

A

Menstrual contamination, ingestion of pigmented foods/medications

72
Q

Name some medications that can produce red urine.

A

Rifampin, phenolphthalein, phenindione, phenothiazines

73
Q

What additional testing is recommended for urine specimens that turn brown or black on standing?

A

Testing for melanin or homogentisic acid

74
Q

What condition may lead to an excess production of melanin?

A

Malignant melanoma

75
Q

What metabolite causes black color in alkaline urine due to alkaptonuria?

A

Homogentisic acid

76
Q

Name some medications that can produce brown or black urine.

A

Chloroquine, primaquine, levodopa, methyldopa, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, laxatives with cascara or senna, methocarbamol

77
Q

What can cause dark-brown urine due to liver and kidney disorders or muscle injury?

A

Extreme exercise

78
Q

Which medications may cause blue urine?

A

Methocarbamol, methylene blue, indomethacin, amitriptyline, propofol

79
Q

A purple staining may occur in catheter bags and is caused by indican in the urine or a bacterial infection, frequently caused by

A

Klebsiella or Providencia species

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