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AUBF > 4.6 BLOOD > Flashcards

4.6 BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

The presence of intact red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine.

A

hematuria

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2
Q

The presence of hemoglobin in the urine due to RBC destruction.

A

hemoglobinuria

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3
Q

How does hematuria differ in appearance from hemoglobinuria in urine?

A

Hematuria produces cloudy red urine, while hemoglobinuria produces clear red urine.

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4
Q

What are the common causes of hematuria

A

Renal calculi,
glomerulonephritis,
pyelonephritis,
tumors,
trauma,
exposure to toxic chemicals,
anticoagulants, and
strenuous exercise.

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5
Q

What causes hemoglobinuria to occur?

A

Intravascular hemolysis,
lysis of RBCs in the urinary tract,

and conditions like
hemolytic anemias,
transfusion reactions,
severe burns, and
infections

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6
Q

is the presence of myoglobin in urine, often caused by muscular trauma, crush injuries, prolonged coma, convulsions, muscle-wasting diseases, or statin use.

A

Myoglobinuria

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7
Q

Which reagent strip reaction is used to detect blood in urine?

A

pseudoperoxidase activity

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8
Q

The pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin and myoglobin catalyzes a reaction with what compound in the reagent strip

A

tetramethylbenzidine

to produce a green-blue color

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9
Q

What clinical conditions are associated with myoglobinuria?

A

Rhabdomyolysis, trauma, drug abuse, extensive exertion, and statin-induced muscle damage

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10
Q

What are possible causes of false positives for blood in urine

A

Strong oxidizing agents,
bacterial peroxidases, and
menstrual contamination

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11
Q

What are possible causes of false negatives for blood in urine

A

High specific gravity,
crenated cells,
formalin,
captopril,
high nitrite levels, and
ascorbic acid

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12
Q

How do reagent strip tests distinguish between hematuria and hemoglobinuria?

A

Hematuria shows a speckled pattern due to lysed RBCs, while hemoglobinuria shows a uniform green-blue color.

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13
Q

What is the sensitivity of Multistix and Chemstrip for detecting blood in urine?

A

Multistix: 5–20 RBCs/mL or 0.015–0.062 mg/dL hemoglobin.
Chemstrip: 5 RBCs/mL, hemoglobin corresponding to 10 RBCs/mL.

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14
Q

How does high specific gravity affect the detection of blood in urine?

A

It can crenate RBCs, preventing them from lysing and leading to false-negative results.

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15
Q

What historical method was used to differentiate between hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

A

Ammonium sulfate precipitation, where hemoglobin precipitates and myoglobin remains in the supernatant.

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16
Q

Why must urine specimens be mixed before testing for blood?

A

RBCs can settle to the bottom, leading to falsely decreased readings if the specimen is not mixed.

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17
Q

How does rhabdomyolysis contribute to acute renal failure?

A

The heme portion of myoglobin is toxic to renal tubules, and high concentrations can cause kidney damage.

18
Q

is denatured ferritin found in renal tubular cells and urine sediment during hemoglobin reabsorption.

A

Hemosiderin

19
Q

What specific medication-related side effect can lead to myoglobinuria?

A

Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis

20
Q

How do reagent strips address the interference of ascorbic acid in blood detection?

A

Multistix uses a less reducible peroxide, and Chemstrip overlays the pad with iodate to oxidize ascorbic acid.

21
Q

Identify the condition that results from the presence of intact red blood cells (RBCs) in urine.

A

Hematuria

22
Q

Identify the substance that produces a clear red urine due to its presence when RBCs are destroyed.

A

Hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria

23
Q

Identify the clinical significance of a positive reagent strip test for blood.

A

The presence of RBCs, hemoglobin, or myoglobin.

24
Q

Identify the major causes of hematuria related to renal or genitourinary disorders.

A

Renal calculi, glomerular diseases, tumors, trauma, pyelonephritis, exposure to toxic chemicals, and anticoagulant therapy

25
Q

Identify the condition that may cause hematuria after strenuous exercise or during menstruation.

A

Nonpathological hematuria

26
Q

Identify the condition in which hemoglobinuria results from intravascular hemolysis and subsequent filtration of hemoglobin by the glomerulus

A

Hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, severe burns, and infections

27
Q

Identify the type of granules that may appear in renal tubular epithelial cells in hemoglobinuria cases

A

Hemosiderin granules.

28
Q

Identify the muscle protein that produces a red-brown urine in cases of muscle destruction.

A

Myoglobin (myoglobinuria).

29
Q

Identify the condition commonly associated with myoglobinuria due to muscle destruction.

A

Rhabdomyolysis

30
Q

Identify the condition that may cause rhabdomyolysis and is a known side effect of cholesterol-lowering medications.

A

Statin medications

31
Q

Identify the toxic substance in myoglobin that can lead to renal tubular damage and acute renal failure.

A

The heme portion of myoglobin

32
Q

Identify the test principle used in reagent strip reactions for detecting blood in urine

A

The pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin and myoglobin

33
Q

Identify the reagent used in blood detection tests on reagent strips that reacts with hemoglobin/myoglobin

A

Tetramethylbenzidine

34
Q

Identify the appearance of the reagent strip pad when free hemoglobin or myoglobin is present in the urine

A

A uniform color ranging from yellow to green-blue.

35
Q

Identify the appearance of the reagent strip pad when intact RBCs are present in the urine.

A

A speckled pattern.

36
Q

Identify the lowest number of RBCs per microliter of urine that reagent strips can detect.

A

Five RBCs per microliter

37
Q

Identify a common interference that may cause a false-positive reaction in blood tests due to contamination in the urine.

A

Menstrual contamination

38
Q

Identify the substance that may cause a false-negative result in the reagent strip test for blood due to its reduction effect

A

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

39
Q

Identify the urine condition that can result in a false-negative blood test if RBCs are crenated and do not lyse.

A

Urine with a high specific gravity.

40
Q

Identify the substances or conditions that may lead to decreased reactivity in blood tests for urine

A

Formalin preservation, captopril, and high concentrations of nitrite.

AUBF (17 decks)

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